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1

universitet, Uppsala, ed. Spontaneous breathing in coaxial mapleson A and D circuits: A study of factors affecting rebreathing. Uppsala University, 1986.

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2

Munshi, J. S. Datta. The life of air-breathing fishes: Palaeo-ecology, evolution, diversity, cardio-respiratory innovations and life pattern. Narendra Pub. House, 2009.

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3

Louhevaara, Veikko. Effects of respiratory protective devices on breathing pattern, gas exchange, and heart rate at different work levels. University of Kuopio, 1985.

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4

Muders, Thomas, and Christian Putensen. Pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0096.

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Beside reduction in tidal volume limiting peak airway pressure minimizes the risk for ventilator-associated-lung-injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure-controlled, time-cycled ventilation (PCV) enables the physician to keep airway pressures under strict limits by presetting inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and cycle times. PCV results in a square-waved airway pressure and a decelerating inspiratory gas flow holding the alveoli inflated for the preset time. Preset pressures and cycle times, and respiratory system mechanics affect alveolar and intrinsic positi
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5

Junna, Mithri R., Bernardo J. Selim, and Timothy I. Morgenthaler. Central sleep apnea and hypoventilation syndromes. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0018.

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Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) may occur in a variety of ways. While obstructive sleep apnea is the most common of these, this chapter reviews the most common types of SDB that occur independently of upper airway obstruction. In many cases, there is concurrent upper airway obstruction and neurological respiratory dysregulation. Thus, along with attempts to correct the underlying etiologies (when present), stabilization of the upper airway is most often combined with flow generators (noninvasive positive pressure ventilation devices) that modulate the inadequate ventilatory pattern. Among the
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6

Hyperventilation Syndrome: Breathing Pattern Disorder. KYLE CATHIE, 2007.

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7

Multidisciplinary Approaches to Breathing Pattern Disorders. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-07053-2.x5001-1.

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8

Multidisciplinary Approaches to Breathing Pattern Disorders. Churchill Livingstone, 2002.

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9

George, Kathleen, and Cross Collectibles. Fire Breathing Dragon: Fantasy Cross Stitch Pattern. Independently Published, 2019.

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10

Phrenic neural output during hypoxia: Constant flow ventilation (CFV) vs spontaneous breathing. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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11

Hyperventilation Syndrome: Breathing Pattern Disorders and How to Overcome Them. Kyle Cathie, 2007.

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12

Thomas, Mike, and Dinah Bradley. Hyperventilation Syndrome: Breathing Pattern Disorders and How to Overcome Them. Random House New Zealand, 2012.

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13

Bradley, Dinah, and Edward Newton. Self-Help for Hyperventilation Syndrome: Recognizing and Correcting Your Breathing Pattern Disorder. Turner Publishing Company, 2001.

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14

(Foreword), Edward Newton, ed. Self-Help for Hyperventilation Syndrome: Recognizing and Correcting Your Breathing-Pattern Disorder. Hunter House, 2001.

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15

Hopp, Lisa Jo. INCREMENTAL THRESHOLD LOADING IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS (BRONCHITIS, EMPHYSEMA, BREATHING PATTERN). 1992.

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16

Henley, John, Gemma Gracewood, and Dinah Bradley. Self-Help for Hyperventilation Syndrome, Third Edition: Recognizing and Correcting Your Breathing Pattern Disorder. 3rd ed. Hunter House (CA), 2001.

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17

Sindelar, Richard. Breathing Pattern and Lung Mechanics During Assisted Ventilation: Response of Slowly Adapting Plumonary Stretch Receptors and Effects on Phrenic Nerve ... from the Faculty of Medicine, 1043). Uppsala Universitet, 2001.

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18

Kreit, John W. How to Write Ventilator Orders. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0008.

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How to Write Ventilator Orders provides step-by-step instructions on how to write ventilator orders—how to choose appropriate settings immediately after intubation; how to adjust ventilator settings throughout the course of the patient’s illness; and when weaning the patient from mechanical ventilation—how to write orders for spontaneous breathing trials. For writing initial ventilator orders, we discuss: choosing a mode of mechanical ventilation, choosing the type of mechanical breath, selecting settings based on the type of mechanical breath, and specifying other basic settings. Next, the ch
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19

Beduneau, Gaëtan, Jean-Christophe M. Richard, and Laurent Brochard. Prolonged Respiratory Insufficiency and Ventilator Dependence in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0014.

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The process of separation or weaning from mechanical ventilation can be arbitrarily separated into three categories: (1) simple weaning when patients are separated from the ventilator after the first attempt of unsupported spontaneous breathing. This usually represents slightly more than half of the patients; (2) difficult weaning when up to three attempts or 1 week is necessary to successfully separate the patient from the ventilator; (3) prolonged weaning for the remaining patients. This last group represents between 6 and 20% of the ICU population arriving at the stage of weaning and carrie
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20

Kreit, John W. Respiratory Mechanics. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0001.

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Ventilation can occur only when the respiratory system expands above and then returns to its resting or equilibrium volume. This is just another way of saying that ventilation depends on our ability to breathe. Although breathing requires very little effort and even less thought, it’s nevertheless a fairly complex process. Respiratory Mechanics reviews the interaction between applied and opposing forces during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation. It discusses elastic recoil, viscous forces, compliance, resistance, and the equation of motion and the time constant of the respiratory system. I
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21

Carlucci, Annalisa, and Paolo Navalesi. Weaning failure in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0103.

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Weaning failure has been defined as failure to discontinue mechanical ventilation, as assessed by the spontaneous breathing trial, or need for re-intubation after extubation, so-called extubation failure. Both events represent major clinical and economic burdens, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The most important mechanism leading to discontinuation failure is an unfavourable balance between respiratory muscle capacity and the load they must face. Beyond specific diseases leading to loss of muscle force-generating capacity, other factors may impair respiratory muscle func
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22

Lee, Jae Myeong, and Michael R. Pinsky. Cardiovascular interactions in respiratory failure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0087.

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Acute respiratory failure not only impairs gas exchange, but also stresses cardiovascular reserve by increasing the need for increased cardiac output (CO) to sustain O2 delivery in the face of hypoxaemia, increased O2 demand by the increased work of breathing and inefficient gas exchange, and increased right ventricular afterload due to lung collapse via hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Mechanical ventilation, though often reversing these processes by lung recruitment and improved arterial oxygenation, may also decrease CO by increasing right atrial pressure by either increasing intrathorac
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23

Kreit, John W. Discontinuing Mechanical Ventilation. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0015.

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Discontinuing Mechanical Ventilation provides clear, step-by step instructions on how to liberate or “wean” the patient from the ventilator. It explains how to determine when the patient is ready to begin the weaning process, how to perform a spontaneous breathing trial, and how to determine if the patient is ready for extubation, including such considerations as whether the patient is at risk for post-extubation laryngeal edema; whether the patient will be able to effectively clear secretions from the airways following extubation; and determining if the patient has a “difficult airway” should
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24

Sessler, Curtis N., and Katie M. Muzevich. Sedatives and anti-anxiety agents in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0042.

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Sedative and anti-anxiety agents are administered to many mechanically-ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. While commonly considered supportive care, suboptimal administration of sedatives has been linked to longer duration of mechanical ventilation and longer ICU length of stay. The use of a structured multidisciplinary approach can help improve outcomes. The level of consciousness, as well as the presence and severity of agitation should be routinely evaluated using a validated sedation–agitation scale. The approach to delivery of sedation should be based upon specific goals, part
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25

Beaty, Roger E., and Rex E. Jung. Interacting Brain Networks Underlying Creative Cognition and Artistic Performance. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.10.

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Cognitive neuroscience research has begun to address the potential interaction of brain networks supporting creativity by employing new methods in brain network science. Network methods offer a significant advance compared to individual region of interest studies due to their ability to account for the complex and dynamic interactions among discrete brain regions. As this chapter demonstrates, several recent studies have reported a remarkably similar pattern of brain network connectivity across a range of creative tasks and domains. In general, such work suggests that creative thought may invo
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26

Nolan, Jerry P., and Michael J. A. Parr. Management after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0066.

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Systemic ischaemia during cardiac arrest and the reperfusion response after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) cause the post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). The severity and duration of this syndrome is determined by the cause and duration of cardiac arrest, quality of resuscitation, and interventions after ROSC. Four key clinical components are recognized—post-cardiac arrest brain injury, myocardial dysfunction, other organ ischaemia/reperfusion (e.g. liver, kidney), and potential persistence of the precipitating pathology causing the cardiac arrest. The interventions applied after ROS
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27

McManus, Alison M., and Neil Armstrong. Pulmonary function. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0010.

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The principles of pulmonary ventilation are the same for children and adults. Ventilation adjusts to alterations in metabolic demand in the child; but for a given exercise intensity there is a greater ventilation when expressed relative to body mass and a higher energetic cost of breathing in the child compared to the adult. Limited evidence suggests child-adult differences may be a result of immature chemoreception, a greater drive to breathe, differences in airway dimensions, and the mechanical work of breathing. There are few studies investigating the dynamic ventilatory response to moderat
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28

Müller-Quernheim, Joachim, Gernot Zissel, and Antje Prasse. Sarcoidosis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0167.

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Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by non-necrotizing granulomata and manifestations in almost any organ. Diagnosis relies on the exclusion of other granulomatous disorders and a compatible pattern of symptoms and clinical findings. Inflammatory lesions and granulomata may undergo spontaneous resolution or persist in chronic disease with eventual fibrosis and permanent organ damage. Immunological disease mechanisms are linked to severe derangements of the cytokine network. In systemic resolution or under prednisolone therapy of symptomatic disease proinflammatory cytokines are dow
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29

Shinbrot, Troy. Biomedical Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812586.001.0001.

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This book provides an overview of fundamental methods and advanced topics associated with complex, especially biological, fluids. The contents are taken from a graduate level course taught to biomedical engineers, many of whom are math averse. Consequently the book is organized around gentle historical foundations and illustrative tabletop experiments to make for accessible reading. The book begins with derivations of fundamental equations, defined in the simplest terms possible, and adds embellishments one at a time to build toward the analysis of complex fluid dynamics an and introduction to
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30

Brandt, Sebastian, and Hartmut Gehring. Anaesthesia for medical imaging and bronchoscopic procedures. Edited by Peter F. Mahoney and Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0077.

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Anaesthesia in ‘remote areas’ is required for medical imaging (CT, MRI, PET-CT), angiography, endoscopy, and interventions (stenting, thrombectomy, coiling, laser therapy, biopsies, radiotherapy) in a number of medical disciplines (paediatrics, radiology, cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, surgery, cardiac surgery, emergency medicine). The spectrum of anaesthetic techniques is broad. It reaches from standby (monitored anaesthesia care), through analgesia and sedation (with spontaneous breathing), to general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation. Regional anaesthesia techniques are als
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31

Bhopal, Raj S. Interrelated concepts in the epidemiology of disease: Natural history and incubation period, time trends in populations, spectrum, iceberg, and screening. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0006.

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The natural history of disease is the uninterrupted progression of disease from its initiation to either spontaneous resolution, containment by the body’s repair mechanisms, or to a clinically detectable problem. Related concepts include the changing pattern of disease in populations and levels of severity (spectrum) of disease. Often the number of cases identified is exceeded by those not discovered. An illustrative metaphor for this is the iceberg. The pyramid of disease develops this into a population concept. Screening is the application of tests to diagnose disease (or precursors) in an e
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32

Marino, Marcos. Quantum chromodynamics. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.32.

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This article focuses on chiral random matrix theories with the global symmetries of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In particular, it explains how random matrix theory (RMT) can be applied to the spectra of the Dirac operator both at zero chemical potential, when the Dirac operator is Hermitian, and at non-zero chemical potential, when the Dirac operator is non-Hermitian. Before discussing the spectra of these Dirac operators at non-zero chemical potential, the article considers spontaneous symmetry breaking in RMT and the QCD partition function. It then examines the global symmetries of QCD, ta
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33

MacIntyre, Neil R. Indications for mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0091.

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Mechanical ventilation is indicated when the patient’s ability to ventilate the lung and/or effect gas transport across the alveolar capillary interface is compromised to point that harm is imminent. In practice, this means addressing one or more of three fundamental pathophysiological processes—loss of proper ventilatory control, ventilatory muscle demand-capability imbalances, and/or loss of alveolar patency. A fourth general indication involves providing a positive pressure assistance to allow tolerance of an artificial airway in the patient unable to maintain a patent and protected airway.
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34

Hemophilia. Exon Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36255/hemophilia.

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Hemophilia is a rare genetic disorder that affects the blood’s ability to clot, leading to prolonged or spontaneous bleeding. This article provides a comprehensive guide to understanding hemophilia, covering its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It begins with an introduction to what hemophilia is and explains its impact on the body. The article describes the types of hemophilia, focusing on Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B, and their genetic basis involving mutations in the F8 and F9 genes. It explores how the condition is inherited, emphasizing its X-linked pattern, which primarily affec
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