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Journal articles on the topic 'Physiological barrier'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Sobel, H. "Barrier dynamics in physiological aging." Medical Hypotheses 40, no. 1 (1993): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(93)90200-a.

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2

McArthur, Simon. "Regulation of Physiological Barrier Function by the Commensal Microbiota." Life 13, no. 2 (2023): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13020396.

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A fundamental characteristic of living organisms is their ability to separate the internal and external environments, a function achieved in large part through the different physiological barrier systems and their component junctional molecules. Barrier integrity is subject to multiple influences, but one that has received comparatively little attention to date is the role of the commensal microbiota. These microbes, which represent approximately 50% of the cells in the human body, are increasingly recognized as powerful physiological modulators in other systems, but their role in regulating b

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3

West, JB, and O. Mathieu-Costello. "Pulmonary Blood-Gas Barrier: A Physiological Dilemma." Physiology 8, no. 6 (1993): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1993.8.6.249.

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The blood-gas barrier needs to be extremely thin for gas exchange, but also immensely strong because the capillary wall stresses become very high during exercise. Failure of the barrier causes high-permeability pulmonary edema or hemorrhage. Avoiding stress failure poses a challenging problem for some animals.

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4

Sun, Tao, Lixin Huang, Qiuhua Zeng, et al. "Blood-nerve barrier: Structure and opening." Neurology Asia 29, no. 4 (2024): 869–86. https://doi.org/10.54029/2024kwz.

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Like the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier, the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) is one of the crucial tissue barriers of the nervous system. It plays a vital role in homeostasis, physiological protection, and pathological reactions. Various factors, such as biological, physical, and chemical factors, can lead to transient or permanent dysfunction of the BNB. With the advancements in biological techniques and the growing peripheral nerve injuries such as trauma and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, the BNB has gained increasing attention. Moreover, the defensive function of the BNB impe

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Fanea, Laura, Leontin I. David, Andrei Lebovici, Francesca Carbone, and Silviu A. Sfrangeu. "Theoretical Compartment Modeling of DCE-MRI Data Based on the Transport across Physiological Barriers in the Brain." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/482565.

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Neurological disorders represent major causes of lost years of healthy life and mortality worldwide. Development of their quantitative interdisciplinaryin vivoevaluation is required. Compartment modeling (CM) of brain data acquiredin vivousing magnetic resonance imaging techniques with clinically available contrast agents can be performed to quantitatively assess brain perfusion. Transport of1H spins in water molecules across physiological compartmental brain barriers in three different pools was mathematically modeled and theoretically evaluated in this paper and the corresponding theoretical

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Mao-Qiang, Man, Kenneth R. Feingold, Carl R. Thornfeldt, and Peter M. Elias. "Optimization of Physiological Lipid Mixtures for Barrier Repair." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 106, no. 5 (1996): 1096–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12340135.

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7

Gonscherowski, Vera, Bernhard F. Becker, Louis Moroder, et al. "Calpains: a physiological regulator of the endothelial barrier?" American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 290, no. 5 (2006): H2035—H2042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00772.2004.

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The intracellular protease calpain, abundant in endothelial cells (EC), is assumed to be inactive under physiological conditions but may account for Ca2+-linked pathophysiological events. However, nonstimulated EC contained autolyzed, activated calpain. Adding 12–48 μM calpain inhibitor I (CI) or 0.5–1 μM of the novel, membrane-permeable conjugate of calpastatin peptide-penetratin (CPP) caused rapid rounding and retraction of cultured EC (phase contrast, capacitance) and translocation of Syk, Rac, and Rho to the membrane, signifying activation upon inhibition of calpain. Isolated hearts (guine

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Selezneva, Inna Alexandrovna, F. N. Gilmiyarova, V. S. Tlustenko, et al. "Hematosalivarian barrier: structure, functions, study methods (review of literature)." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 67, no. 6 (2022): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51620/0869-2084-2022-67-6-334-338.

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The human body consists of various systems (blood, tissues, extracellular fluid, intracellular contents) separated by biological membranes. Physiological barriers ensure the physico-chemical composition of the internal environment remains constant and protects the body from environmental changes. The permeability of the histohematic barrier depends on the concentration of substances in the blood, the body’s condition, external influences, and a number of other reasons caused by stimuli coming from the external or internal environment. Information about the state of the regulatory systems of th

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9

West, John B. "Thoughts on the pulmonary blood-gas barrier." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 285, no. 3 (2003): L501—L513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00117.2003.

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The pulmonary blood-gas barrier is an extraordinary structure because of its extreme thinness, immense strength, and enormous area. The essential components of the barrier were determined early in evolution and have been highly conserved. For example, the barriers of the African, Australian, and South American lungfish that date from as much as 400 million years ago have essentially the same structure as in the modern mammal or bird. In the evolution of vertebrates from bony fishes through amphibia, reptiles, and ultimately mammals and birds, changes in the pulmonary circulation occurred to li

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10

Zuniga, Kameel, Neda Ghousifam, Lucy Shaffer, et al. "Development of a Static Avascular and Dynamic Vascular Human Skin Equivalent Employing Collagen/Keratin Hydrogels." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9 (2024): 4992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094992.

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One of the primary complications in generating physiologically representative skin tissue is the inability to integrate vasculature into the system, which has been shown to promote the proliferation of basal keratinocytes and consequent keratinocyte differentiation, and is necessary for mimicking representative barrier function in the skin and physiological transport properties. We created a 3D vascularized human skin equivalent (VHSE) with a dermal and epidermal layer, and compared keratinocyte differentiation (immunomarker staining), epidermal thickness (H&E staining), and barrier functi

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Rohde, Felix, Karin Danz, Nathalie Jung, Sylvia Wagner, and Maike Windbergs. "Electrospun Scaffolds as Cell Culture Substrates for the Cultivation of an In Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier Model Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 6 (2022): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061308.

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The human blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents the interface of microvasculature and the central nervous system, regulating the transport of nutrients and protecting the brain from external threats. To gain a deeper understanding of (patho)physiological processes affecting the BBB, sophisticated models mimicking the in vivo situation are required. Currently, most in vitro models are cultivated on stiff, semipermeable, and non-biodegradable Transwell® membrane inserts, not adequately mimicking the complexity of the extracellular environment of the native human BBB. To overcome these disadvantag

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Yemanyi, Felix, Kiran Bora, Alexandra K. Blomfield, Zhongxiao Wang, and Jing Chen. "Wnt Signaling in Inner Blood–Retinal Barrier Maintenance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (2021): 11877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111877.

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The retina is a light-sensing ocular tissue that sends information to the brain to enable vision. The blood–retinal barrier (BRB) contributes to maintaining homeostasis in the retinal microenvironment by selectively regulating flux of molecules between systemic circulation and the retina. Maintaining such physiological balance is fundamental to visual function by facilitating the delivery of nutrients and oxygen and for protection from blood-borne toxins. The inner BRB (iBRB), composed mostly of inner retinal vasculature, controls substance exchange mainly via transportation processes between

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Manzur, Milena E., Agustín A. Grimoldi, Pedro Insausti, and Gustavo G. Striker. "Radial oxygen loss and physical barriers in relation to root tissue age in species with different types of aerenchyma." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 1 (2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14078.

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Plant root aeration relies on aerenchyma and barrier formation in outer cortex influencing the radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots towards the rhizosphere. Plant species display large variation in strategies for both responses. We investigated the impacts of root-zone hypoxia on aerenchyma formation and development of ROL apoplastic barriers in the outer cortex as a function of root tissue age using three lowland grassland species, each with alternative aerenchyma structure. All species increased root aerenchyma and continued with root elongation after imposing hypoxia. However, ROL barrier de

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Birukova, Anna A., Nurgul Moldobaeva, Junjie Xing, and Konstantin G. Birukov. "Magnitude-dependent effects of cyclic stretch on HGF- and VEGF-induced pulmonary endothelial remodeling and barrier regulation." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 295, no. 4 (2008): L612—L623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.90236.2008.

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Mechanical ventilation at high tidal volumes compromises the blood-gas barrier and increases lung vascular permeability, which may lead to ventilator-induced lung injury and pulmonary edema. Using pulmonary endothelial cell (ECs) exposed to physiologically [5% cyclic stretch (CS)] and pathologically (18% CS) relevant magnitudes of CS, we evaluated the potential protective effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on EC barrier dysfunction induced by CS and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In static culture, HGF enhanced EC barrier function in a Rac-dependent manner and attenuated VEG

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Maurissen, Thomas L., Georgios Pavlou, Colette Bichsel, Roberto Villaseñor, Roger D. Kamm, and Héloïse Ragelle. "Microphysiological Neurovascular Barriers to Model the Inner Retinal Microvasculature." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 2 (2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12020148.

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Blood-neural barriers regulate nutrient supply to neuronal tissues and prevent neurotoxicity. In particular, the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) share common origins in development, and similar morphology and function in adult tissue, while barrier breakdown and leakage of neurotoxic molecules can be accompanied by neurodegeneration. Therefore, pre-clinical research requires human in vitro models that elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms and support drug discovery, to add to animal in vivo modeling that poorly predict patient responses. Advanced cellular mod

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Blikslager, Anthony T. "136 Intestinal Barrier Function: Physiological Regulation, Injury, and Repair in Horses and Swine." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (2022): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.125.

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Abstract Intestinal barrier function is critical to prevent translocation of microorganisms and their toxins from the intestinal lumen to the circulation. This is particularly noteworthy in horses, in which colic may be associated with ischemia and breakdown of the intestinal barrier, and in pigs, in which infectious diseases such as PEDv cause epithelial soughing and loss of intestinal barrier function. The term ‘function’ refers to the ability of a single layer of columnar epithelium that lines the intestinal tract to form a physical and dynamic barrier. This layer of epithelium is linked by

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Mineiro, Rafael, Tânia Albuquerque, Ana Raquel Neves, Cecília R. A. Santos, Diana Costa, and Telma Quintela. "The Role of Biological Rhythms in New Drug Formulations to Cross the Brain Barriers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 16 (2023): 12541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612541.

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For brain protection, the blood–brain barrier and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier limit the traffic of molecules between blood and brain tissue and between blood and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Besides their protective function, brain barriers also limit the passage of therapeutic drugs to the brain, which constitutes a great challenge for the development of therapeutic strategies for brain disorders. This problem has led to the emergence of novel strategies to treat neurological disorders, like the development of nanoformulations to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. Recently,

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Constantinou, Christiana, Katerina Meliou, Athanasios Skouras, Panoraia Siafaka, and Panayiota Christodoulou. "Liposomes against Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Research and Future Prospects." Biomedicines 12, no. 7 (2024): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071519.

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Alzheimer’s disease, the most common neurodegenerative disease, affects more than 60 million people worldwide, a number that is estimated to double by 2050. Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by progressive memory loss, the impairment of behavior, and mood changes, as well as the disturbed daily routine of the patient. Although there are some active molecules that can be beneficial by halting the progression of the disease, the blood–brain barrier and other physiological barriers hinder their delivery and, consequently, the appropriate management of the disease. Therefore, drug delivery syst

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19

Abou Diwan, Maria, Marwa Lahimer, Véronique Bach, Fabien Gosselet, Hafida Khorsi-Cauet, and Pietra Candela. "Impact of Pesticide Residues on the Gut-Microbiota–Blood–Brain Barrier Axis: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (2023): 6147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076147.

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Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic exposure to a low level of pesticides found in diet affects the human gut-microbiota–blood–brain barrier (BBB) axis. This axis describes the physiological and bidirectional connection between the microbiota, the intestinal barrier (IB), and the BBB. Preclinical observations reported a gut microbial alteration induced by pesticides, also known as dysbiosis, a condition associated not only with gastrointestinal disorders but also with diseases affecting other distal organs, such as the BBB. However, the interplay between pesticides, microbiota, the IB

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Rajabi, Taleieh, Ralf Ahrens, Volker Huck, et al. "Investigation of endothelial growth using a sensors-integrated microfluidic system to simulate physiological barriers." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 1, no. 1 (2015): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0004.

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AbstractIn this paper we present a microfluidic system based on transparent biocompatible polymers with a porous membrane as substrate for various cell types which allows the simulation of various physiological barriers under continuous laminar flow conditions at distinct tunable shear rates. Besides live cell and fluorescence microscopy, integrated electrodes enable the investigation of the permeability and barrier function of the cell layer as well as their interaction with external manipulations using the Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) method.

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Bolaños-Jiménez, Rodrigo, Alejandro Navas, Erika Paulina López-Lizárraga, et al. "Ocular Surface as Barrier of Innate Immunity." Open Ophthalmology Journal 9, no. 1 (2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101509010049.

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Sight is one of the most important senses that human beings possess. The ocular system is a complex structure equipped with mechanisms that prevent or limit damage caused by physical, chemical, infectious and environmental factors. These mechanisms include a series of anatomical, cellular and humoral factors that have been a matter of study. The cornea is not only the most powerful and important lens of the optical system, but also, it has been involved in many other physiological and pathological processes apart from its refractive nature; the morphological and histological properties of the

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Bakshi, Jyotsana, Somnath Singh, and K. P. Mishra. "External Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Barrier and Mucosal Immunity at High Altitude." Defence Life Science Journal 9, no. 1 (2024): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.9.19448.

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High altitude regions above 2,700 meters pose unique physiological challenges to travellers, including hypoxia caused by decreased oxygen levels. Gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, and anorexia are common in high altitude sojourners. The gastrointestinal barrier is composed of epithelial cells connected with tight junctions, desmosomes, and covered with a thick layer of mucous. The mucosal and immunological barriers work together to regulate intestinal homeostasis and prevent harmful pathogens from entering the system. Any damage to the gastrointestinal barrier can lead to an in

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Melhem, Hassan, Daniel Regan-Komito, and Jan Hendrik Niess. "Mucins Dynamics in Physiological and Pathological Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (2021): 13642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413642.

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Maintaining intestinal health requires clear segregation between epithelial cells and luminal microbes. The intestinal mucus layer, produced by goblet cells (GCs), is a key element in maintaining the functional protection of the epithelium. The importance of the gut mucus barrier is highlighted in mice lacking Muc2, the major form of secreted mucins. These mice show closer bacterial residence to epithelial cells, develop spontaneous colitis and became moribund when infected with the attaching and effacing pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. Furthermore, numerous observations have associated GCs a

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Bibiloni, Rodrigo, and Eduardo J. Schiffrin. "Intestinal Host-Microbe Interactions under Physiological and Pathological Conditions." International Journal of Inflammation 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/386956.

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The intestinal mucosa is unique in that it can be tolerant to the resident, symbiotic microbiota but remaining, at the same time, responsive to and able to fight pathogens. The close interaction between host-symbiotic microbiota at the mucosal level poses important challenges since microbial breaches through the gut barrier can result in the breakdown of gut homeostasis. In this paper, hosts-integrated components that help to preserve intestinal homeostasis including barrier and immune function are discussed. In addition global alterations of the microbiota that can play a role in the initiati

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Vitkov, Ljubomir, Jeeshan Singh, Christine Schauer, et al. "Breaking the Gingival Barrier in Periodontitis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5 (2023): 4544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054544.

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The break of the epithelial barrier of gingiva has been a subject of minor interest, albeit playing a key role in periodontal pathology, transitory bacteraemia, and subsequent systemic low-grade inflammation (LGI). The significance of mechanically induced bacterial translocation in gingiva (e.g., via mastication and teeth brushing) has been disregarded despite the accumulated knowledge of mechanical force effects on tight junctions (TJs) and subsequent pathology in other epithelial tissues. Transitory bacteraemia is observed as a rule in gingival inflammation, but is rarely observed in clinica

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Alva, Harshitha, KrishnaD Prasad, and AnupamaD Prasad. "Bioseal: The physiological and biological barrier for osseointegrated supported prosthesis." Journal of Dental Implants 3, no. 2 (2013): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-6781.118855.

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Denda, M., P. M. Elias, and K. R. Feingold. "Enviromental humidity affects cutaneous barrier homeostasis : ultrastructural and physiological study." Seibutsu Butsuri 39, supplement (1999): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.39.s99_3.

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Khan, Rana Muhammad Awais, Umair-ul Hassan, Shafiq-ur Rehman, and Nayab Tahir. "An Updated Review on Biological Half-Life & Volume of Distribution." Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review III, no. I (2018): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2018(iii-i).03.

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Biological half-life and volume of distribution of the drug are the key parameters in understanding the pharmacokinetics of the drugs within the body as they affect all the pharmacokinetic processes including absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs and also associated with each other, ultimately effecting the Pharmacological action of the drug on its target site. Given study elaborates the various aspects of half-life, i.e., Alpha & beta half-lives, the contribution of Zero-order and first-order kinetics in ADME and interrelation among the volume of distribution &

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Kakaroubas, Nicholas, Samuel Brennan, Matthew Keon, and Nitin K. Saksena. "Pathomechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in ALS." Neuroscience Journal 2019 (July 10, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2537698.

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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) are responsible for controlling the microenvironment within neural tissues in humans. These barriers are fundamental to all neurological processes as they provide the extreme nutritional demands of neural tissue, remove wastes, and maintain immune privileged status. Being a semipermeable membrane, both the BBB and BSCB allow the diffusion of certain molecules, whilst restricting others. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative diseases, these barriers become hyperpermeable, allowing a wider variety

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Shin, Woojung, and Hyun Jung Kim. "Intestinal barrier dysfunction orchestrates the onset of inflammatory host–microbiome cross-talk in a human gut inflammation-on-a-chip." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 45 (2018): E10539—E10547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810819115.

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The initiation of intestinal inflammation involves complex intercellular cross-talk of inflammatory cells, including the epithelial and immune cells, and the gut microbiome. This multicellular complexity has hampered the identification of the trigger that orchestrates the onset of intestinal inflammation. To identify the initiator of inflammatory host–microbiome cross-talk, we leveraged a pathomimetic “gut inflammation-on-a-chip” undergoing physiological flow and motions that recapitulates the pathophysiology of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammation in murine models. DSS treatment

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Ross, Aisling M., Rachel M. Cahalane, Darragh R. Walsh, Andreas M. Grabrucker, Lynnette Marcar, and John J. E. Mulvihill. "Identification of Nanoparticle Properties for Optimal Drug Delivery across a Physiological Cell Barrier." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (2023): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010200.

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Nanoparticles (NPs) represent an attractive strategy to overcome difficulties associated with the delivery of therapeutics. Knowing the optimal properties of NPs to address these issues could allow for improved in vivo responses. This work investigated NPs prepared from 5 materials of 3 sizes and 3 concentrations applied to a cell barrier model. The NPs permeability across a cell barrier and their effects on cell barrier integrity and cell viability were evaluated. The properties of these NPs, as determined in water (traditional) vs. media (realistic), were compared to cell responses. It was f

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Taggi, Valerio, Mario Riera Romo, Micheline Piquette-Miller, Henriette E. Meyer zu Schwabedissen, and Sibylle Neuhoff. "Transporter Regulation in Critical Protective Barriers: Focus on Brain and Placenta." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7 (2022): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071376.

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Drug transporters play an important role in the maintenance of chemical balance and homeostasis in different tissues. In addition to their physiological functions, they are crucial for the absorption, distribution, and elimination of many clinically important drugs, thereby impacting therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that infectious, metabolic, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases alter the expression and function of drug transporters. However, the current knowledge on transporter regulation in critical protective barriers, such as the brain and pl

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Prieto, Pilar. "Barriers, Nephrotoxicology and Chronic Testing In Vitro." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 30, no. 2_suppl (2002): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290203002s15.

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In many organs of the human body, there are effective physiological barriers which contribute to regulation of the uptake, transport and secretion of endogenous and exogenous materials. ECVAM is involved in the development of several in vitro models for detecting damage to various barriers, including, the renal epithelium, the intestinal barrier, and the blood–brain barrier, after acute and chronic exposure to chemicals and products of various kinds. Long-term toxicity testing is an important issue in toxicology. At present, there are no generally accepted in vitro models available for replaci

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Zhao, Yinan, Yanguo Xin, Zhiyi He, and Wenyu Hu. "Function of Connexins in the Interaction between Glial and Vascular Cells in the Central Nervous System and Related Neurological Diseases." Neural Plasticity 2018 (June 10, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6323901.

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Neuronal signaling together with synapse activity in the central nervous system requires a precisely regulated microenvironment. Recently, the blood-brain barrier is considered as a “neuro-glia-vascular unit,” a structural and functional compound composed of capillary endothelial cells, glial cells, pericytes, and neurons, which plays a pivotal role in maintaining the balance of the microenvironment in and out of the brain. Tight junctions and adherens junctions, which function as barriers of the blood-brain barrier, are two well-known kinds in the endothelial cell junctions. In this review, w

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Soubin, Roy, and Dattu Navale Santosh. "A Review on Nasal Drug Delivery System and General Consideration." American Journal of PharmTech Research 12, no. 3 (2022): 152–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7106686.

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ABSTRACT Nasal drug delivery system offers way of drug delivery of both topical and systemic therapies. The high permeability, high vasculature and low enzymatic environment of nasal cavity are well suitable for systemic delivery of drug molecules via nose. The despite of all the advantages of nasal drug delivery, the bioavailability of nasally administered products, especially for protein and peptide molecules, is affected by many barriers such as physiological barriers, physicochemical barriers, and formulation barriers. This review will focus on the various bioavailability barriers in nasal

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Veryser, Lieselotte, Evelien Wynendaele, Lien Taevernier, et al. "N-alkylamides: from plant to brain." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 4, no. 6 (2014): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v4i6.6.

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Background: Plant N-alkylamides (NAAs) are bio-active compounds with a broad functional spectrum. In order to reach their pharmacodynamic targets, they have to overcome several barriers of the body in the absorption phase. The permeability kinetics of spilanthol (a diene NAA) and pellitorine (a triene NAA) across these barriers (i.e. skin, oral/gut mucosa, blood-brain barrier) were investigated.Methods: The skin and oral mucosa permeability were investigated using human skin and pig mucosa in an ex vivo in vitro Franz diffusion cell set-up. The gut absorption characteristics were examined usin

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Murray, Iain A., and Gary H. Perdew. "How Ah Receptor Ligand Specificity Became Important in Understanding Its Physiological Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (2020): 9614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249614.

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Increasingly, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is being recognized as a sensor for endogenous and pseudo-endogenous metabolites, and in particular microbiota and host generated tryptophan metabolites. One proposed explanation for this is the role of the AHR in innate immune signaling within barrier tissues in response to the presence of microorganisms. A number of cytokine/chemokine genes exhibit a combinatorial increase in transcription upon toll-like receptors and AHR activation, supporting this concept. The AHR also plays a role in the enhanced differentiation of intestinal and dermal ep

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Mañosas, Santiago, Aritz Sanz, Cristina Ederra, et al. "An Image-Based Framework for the Analysis of the Murine Microvasculature: From Tissue Clarification to Computational Hemodynamics." Mathematics 10, no. 23 (2022): 4593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10234593.

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The blood–brain barrier is a unique physiological structure acting as a filter for every molecule reaching the brain through the blood. For this reason, an effective pharmacologic treatment supplied to a patient by systemic circulation should first be capable of crossing the barrier. Standard cell cultures (or those based on microfluidic devices) and animal models have been used to study the human blood–brain barrier. Unfortunately, these tools have not yet reached a state of maturity because of the complexity of this physiological process aggravated by a high heterogeneity that is not easily

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Phan, Duc TT, R. Hugh F. Bender, Jillian W. Andrejecsk, et al. "Blood–brain barrier-on-a-chip: Microphysiological systems that capture the complexity of the blood–central nervous system interface." Experimental Biology and Medicine 242, no. 17 (2017): 1669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370217694100.

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The blood–brain barrier is a dynamic and highly organized structure that strictly regulates the molecules allowed to cross the brain vasculature into the central nervous system. The blood–brain barrier pathology has been associated with a number of central nervous system diseases, including vascular malformations, stroke/vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and various neurological tumors including glioblastoma multiforme. There is a compelling need for representative models of this critical interface. Current research relies heavily on animal models (mostly mice) or on

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Khadka, Bikram, Jae-Young Lee, Ki-Taek Kim, and Jong-Sup Bae. "Recent progress in therapeutic drug delivery systems for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries." Future Medicinal Chemistry 12, no. 19 (2020): 1759–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2020-0178.

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Most therapeutics for the treatment of traumatic central nervous system injuries, such as traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, encounter various obstacles in reaching the target tissue and exerting pharmacological effects, including physiological barriers like the blood–brain barrier and blood–spinal cord barrier, instability rapid elimination from the injured tissue or cerebrospinal fluid and off-target toxicity. For central nervous system delivery, nano- and microdrug delivery systems are regarded as the most suitable and promising carriers. In this review, the pathophysiology and

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Barabutis, Nektarios, Alexander Verin, and John D. Catravas. "Regulation of pulmonary endothelial barrier function by kinases." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 311, no. 5 (2016): L832—L845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00233.2016.

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The pulmonary endothelium is the target of continuous physiological and pathological stimuli that affect its crucial barrier function. The regulation, defense, and repair of endothelial barrier function require complex biochemical processes. This review examines the role of endothelial phosphorylating enzymes, kinases, a class with profound, interdigitating influences on endothelial permeability and lung function.

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Christensen, Brian, Andrea E. Toth, Simone S. E. Nielsen та ін. "Transport of a Peptide from Bovine αs1-Casein across Models of the Intestinal and Blood–Brain Barriers". Nutrients 12, № 10 (2020): 3157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103157.

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The effect of food components on brain growth and development has attracted increasing attention. Milk has been shown to contain peptides that deliver important signals to the brains of neonates and infants. In order to reach the brain, milk peptides have to resist proteolytic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, cross the gastrointestinal barrier and later cross the highly selective blood–brain barrier (BBB). To investigate this, we purified and characterized endogenous peptides from bovine milk and investigated their apical to basal transport by using human intestinal Caco-2 cells and

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Caragnano, Giusi, Anna Grazia Monteduro, Silvia Rizzato, Gianluigi Giannelli, and Giuseppe Maruccio. "Biological Barrier Models-on-Chips: A Novel Tool for Disease Research and Drug Discovery." Biosensors 15, no. 6 (2025): 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15060338.

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The development of alternatives to animal models and traditional cell cultures has led to the emergence of organ-on-chip (OoC) systems, which replicate organ functions under both physiological and pathological conditions. These microfluidic platforms simulate key tissue interfaces—such as tissue–air, tissue–liquid, and tissue–tissue interactions—while incorporating biomechanical stimuli to closely resemble in vivo environments. This makes OoC systems particularly suitable for modeling biological barriers such as the skin, the placenta, and the blood–brain barrier, which play essential roles in

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Huc, Tomasz, Kinga Pham, Janusz Skrzypecki, and Marcin Ufnal. "Significance of gut-blood barrier in health and disease." European Journal of Biological Research 6, no. 3 (2016): 193–200. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.60336.

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The gut microbiota produces a number of biologically active compounds that may have both, positive and negative effects on health. To enter the circulation, microbiota-derived molecules need to pass the gut-blood barrier (GBB), a complex multi-layer system that prevents the free passage form the gut lumen to the blood. The integrity and permeability of the GBB depends on numerous factors, and may be disturbed in gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular and other diseases. An increased permeability of the GBB results in easier access of gut-derived molecules to the circulation. This may exer

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Khavkin, A. I., N. M. Bogdanova, V. P. Novikova, and D. V. Yudina. "Zonulin: physiological and clinical role in the perinatal period." Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 19, no. 5 (2020): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2020-5-132-139.

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Lifestyle change, including diet changes, often lead to an impairment of biological rhythms regulating production of gastrointestinal hormones, enzymes, neuropeptides, and various cytokines that ensure proper functioning of the digestive tract. Such changes are almost always associated with microbiota disorders and increase permeability of the intestinal mucosa. Zonulin is a diagnostic marker regulating intestinal wall stability and modulating the density of intercellular connections. Its biological role and mechanism of action are being actively studied now. This literature review aims to sum

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Kozieł, Marta Justyna, Maksymilian Ziaja, and Agnieszka Wanda Piastowska-Ciesielska. "Intestinal Barrier, Claudins and Mycotoxins." Toxins 13, no. 11 (2021): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110758.

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The intestinal barrier is the main barrier against all of the substances that enter the body. Proper functioning of this barrier guarantees maintained balance in the organism. Mycotoxins are toxic, secondary fungi metabolites, that have a negative impact both on human and animal health. It was postulated that various mycotoxins may affect homeostasis by disturbing the intestinal barrier. Claudins are proteins that are involved in creating tight junctions between epithelial cells. A growing body of evidence underlines their role in molecular response to mycotoxin-induced cytotoxicity. This revi

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Campbell, Nigel B., Craig G. Ruaux, Donnie E. Shifflett, Jöerg M. Steiner, David A. Williams, and Anthony T. Blikslager. "Physiological concentrations of bile salts inhibit recovery of ischemic-injured porcine ileum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 287, no. 2 (2004): G399—G407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2003.

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We have previously shown rapid in vitro recovery of barrier function in porcine ischemic-injured ileal mucosa, attributable principally to reductions in paracellular permeability. However, these experiments did not take into account the effects of luminal contents, such as bile salts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the role of physiological concentrations of deoxycholic acid in recovery of mucosal barrier function. Porcine ileum was subjected to 45 min of ischemia, after which mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers and exposed to varying concentrations of deoxycholic aci

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Cunha-Vaz, José. "The Blood–Retinal Barrier in Retinal Disease." European Ophthalmic Review 03, no. 02 (2009): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/eor.2009.03.02.105.

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The blood–ocular barrier system is formed by two main barriers: the blood–aqueous barrier and the blood–retinal barrier (BRB). The BRB is particularly tight and restrictive and is a physiological barrier that regulates ion, protein and water flux into and out of the retina. The BRB consists of inner and outer components, the inner BRB being formed of tight junctions between retinal capillary endothelial cells and the outer BRB of tight junctions between retinal pigment epithelial cells. The BRB is essential to maintaining the eye as a privileged site and is essential for normal visual function

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Prasher, Parteek, Rabab Fatima, and Mousmee Sharma. "Cationic polysaccharides: emerging drug delivery vehicle across the physiological mucus barrier." Future Medicinal Chemistry 14, no. 8 (2022): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2021-0296.

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Fasano, Alessio. "Physiological, Pathological, and Therapeutic Implications of Zonulin-Mediated Intestinal Barrier Modulation." American Journal of Pathology 173, no. 5 (2008): 1243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2008.080192.

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