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Journal articles on the topic 'Pregnant rats'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Beauséjour, Annie, Karine Auger, Jean St-Louis, and Michèle Brochu. "High-sodium intake prevents pregnancy-induced decrease of blood pressure in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, no. 1 (2003): H375—H383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01132.2002.

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Despite an increase of circulatory volume and of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity, pregnancy is paradoxically accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure. We have reported that the decrease in blood pressure was maintained in pregnant rats despite overactivation of RAAS following reduction in sodium intake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the opposite condition, e.g., decreased activation of RAAS during pregnancy in the rat. To do so, 0.9% or 1.8% NaCl in drinking water was given to nonpregnant and pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats for 7 days (last week o

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Fu, Ziwei, Jiajia Hu, Li Zhou та ін. "(Pro)renin receptor contributes to pregnancy-induced sodium-water retention in rats via activation of intrarenal RAAS and α-ENaC". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 316, № 3 (2019): F530—F538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00411.2018.

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The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a new component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and regulates renin activity. The objective of the present study was to test potential roles of the renal PRR and intrarenal RAAS in the physiological status of late pregnancy. Late pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were studied 19–21 days after sperm was observed in vaginal smears. Experiments were performed using age-matched virgin rats and late pregnant rats treated with the specific PRR inhibitor PRO20 (700 μg·kg−1·day−1 sc for 14 days, 3 times/day for every 8 h) or vehicle. The indices of RAAS,

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Ladyman, S. R., and D. R. Grattan. "Region-Specific Reduction in Leptin-Induced Phosphorylation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT3) in the Rat Hypothalamus Is Associated with Leptin Resistance during Pregnancy." Endocrinology 145, no. 8 (2004): 3704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0338.

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Abstract Leptin concentrations increase during pregnancy, but this does not prevent the pregnancy-induced increase in food intake, suggesting a state of leptin resistance. This study investigated the response to intracerebroventricular leptin administration in pregnant rats. After fasting, nonpregnant, d-7 and d-14 pregnant rats received leptin (4 μg) or vehicle, then food intake was measured. Serial blood samples were collected in another group of rats to determine plasma leptin concentrations. Further groups of d-14 pregnant and nonpregnant rats were killed after leptin or vehicle treatment,

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St-Louis, Jean, Benoît Sicotte, Annie Beauséjour, and Michèle Brochu. "Remodeling and angiotensin II responses of the uterine arcuate arteries of pregnant rats are altered by low- and high-sodium intake." Reproduction 131, no. 2 (2006): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00565.

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Lowering and increasing sodium intake in pregnant rats evoke opposite changes in renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) activity and are associated with alterations of blood volume expansion. As augmented uterine blood flow during gestation is linked to increased circulatory volume, we wanted to determine if low- and high-sodium intakes affect the mechanical properties and angiotensin II (AngII) responses of the uterine vasculature. Non-pregnant and pregnant rats received a normal sodium (0.22% Na+) diet. On the 15th day of gestation some animals were moved to a low-sodium (0.03%) diet, w

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Douglas, AJ, HA Johnstone, A. Wigger, R. Landgraf, JA Russell, and ID Neumann. "The role of endogenous opioids in neurohypophysial and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis hormone secretory responses to stress in pregnant rats." Journal of Endocrinology 158, no. 2 (1998): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1580285.

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Endogenous opioid regulation of neurohypophysial and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormone secretion in response to forced swimming (90 s in deep water at 19 degrees C) was investigated in virgin and 21-day-pregnant rats. There was no difference in basal plasma oxytocin concentrations between pregnant and virgin rats, but the opioid antagonist, naloxone, increased basal oxytocin secretion in the pregnant rats. Forced swimming increased oxytocin secretion similarly in pregnant and virgin rats, and this response was enhanced by naloxone. In pregnant rats naloxone had a greater effect

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6

Rathaus, Mauro, Eduardo Podjarny, Sydney Benchetrit, Janice Green, and Jacques Bernheim. "Nitric Oxide and Vascular Reactivity in Pregnant Rats with Adriamycin Nephropathy." Clinical Science 93, no. 3 (1997): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0930227.

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1. In previous studies we have shown that, after the administration of adriamycin, hypertension developed in rats who became pregnant (adriamycin-pregnant rats), whereas virgin animals remained normotensive. Subsequently, we showed that this hypertension was prevented by administration of l-arginine, suggesting that deficient synthesis of nitric oxide may be pathogenetic in this model. 2. To further assess the role of nitric oxide in this model, we measured mean arterial blood pressure after administration of l-arginine to adriamycin-pregnant rats or of NG-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (l-NAME

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7

Crews, Janice K., Jacqueline Novak, Joey P. Granger, and Raouf A. Khalil. "Stimulated mechanisms of Ca2+entry into vascular smooth muscle during NO synthesis inhibition in pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 276, no. 2 (1999): R530—R538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.2.r530.

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We have previously found that the vascular responsiveness to α1-adrenergic agonists is reduced in pregnant rats and enhanced in a rat model of pregnancy-induced hypertension produced by chronic treatment of pregnant rats with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the observed changes in vascular reactivity during normal pregnancy and during pregnancy-induced hypertension reflect changes in the mechanisms of Ca2+ entry into vascular smooth muscle.45Ca2+influx and active stress during α1-adrenergi

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8

Sasser, Jennifer M., and Chris Baylis. "The natriuretic and diuretic response to dopamine is maintained during rat pregnancy." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 294, no. 6 (2008): F1342—F1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00067.2008.

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During pregnancy, there is a marked plasma volume expansion due to renal sodium retention. Pregnant rats exhibit a blunted response to natriuretic stimuli that signal via cGMP, and expression and activity of the cGMP phosphodiesterase PDE-5 are upregulated in the inner medullary collecting duct during pregnancy. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the natriuretic response to a cAMP agonist, dopamine, is maintained during pregnancy. Anesthetized pregnant ( day 16) and age-matched virgin Sprague-Dawley rats were used to determine whether dopamine-cAMP-mediated natriuresis remains intact in pregn

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9

Peraçoli, José Carlos, Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge, Maria Salete Sartori, and Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco. "Effects of hypertension on maternal adaptations to pregnancy: experimental study on spontaneously hypertensive rats." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 119, no. 2 (2001): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802001000200003.

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CONTEXT: Animal models for essential hypertension have been used for understanding the human pathological conditions observed in pregnant hypertensive women. OBJECTIVE: To study the possible effects of pregnancy on hypertension and of hypertension on pregnancy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and in their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) counterparts. TYPE OF STUDY: Comparative study using laboratory animals. SETTING: Animal Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine at the Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Brazil. SAMPLE: Ten to twelve-week-old virgin female normot

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10

Khraibi, Ali A., Michael J. Solhaug, Anca D. Dobrian, and Theresa J. Berndt. "Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and natriuretic responses to volume expansion in pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 282, no. 5 (2002): F821—F825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00254.2001.

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During normal pregnancy, a gradual plasma volume expansion (VE) occurs and reaches a maximum level at late term. Pressure natriuresis and renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) responses are attenuated in pregnant rats. Also, basal RIHP is lower in pregnant rats, suggesting an increase in renal interstitial compliance during pregnancy. This adaptation may contribute to the increase in plasma volume that is required for a normal pregnancy, because increases in RIHP have been consistently shown to produce natriuresis and diuresis. Acute saline VE (5% body wt/30 min) has been shown to inc

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11

Wijkstra, S., H. Moes, and T. R. Koiter. "Metabolism of pregnant-lactating rats is adapted to pregnancy rather than to lactation." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 263, no. 4 (1992): E766—E771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.4.e766.

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In pregnant-lactating rats implantation was induced on day 4 of lactation so that, as an exception, lactation coincided with the period of high fetal growth. The already present suckling litters of these animals lagged behind in growth, but the "second" litters were at birth normal in size and weight. Such pregnant-lactating rats were tested in vivo with intravenous glucose loads and compared with cyclic and lactating rats. Glucose tolerance was unaffected by the reproductive state. Pregnant-lactating rats showed, just as during their first pregnancy, low basal glucose levels. Their basal insu

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12

Holemans, Kathleen, Robert Gerber, Ivan O'Brien-Coker, et al. "Raised saturated-fat intake worsens vascular function in virgin and pregnant offspring of streptozotocin-diabetic rats." British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 3 (2000): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001562.

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Adult offspring of severely diabetic pregnant rats are insulin resistant and display cardiovascular dysfunction. When pregnant they develop mild hyperglycaemia. Diets high in saturated fat have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease and vascular dysfunction. In the present study we have determined vascular function in small mesenteric arteries from offspring of normal (OC) and diabetic (OD) rats fed standard chow and offspring of diabetic rats fed a diet high in saturated fats (OD-HF) from weaning to adulthood, and throughout their subsequent pregnancies. OD rats displaye

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13

Rathaus, Mauro, Eduardo Podjarny, Avishalom Pomeranz, Janice Green, and Jacques Bernheim. "Adriamycin-Related Hypertension in Pregnant Rats: Response to a Thromboxane Receptor Antagonist." Clinical Science 88, no. 6 (1995): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0880623.

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1. In previous works we have described the development of hypertension and aggravation of proteinuria in rats who became pregnant after the administration of Adriamycin. This was associated with an increase in the glomerular thromboxane B2—prostaglandin E2 ratio. 2. To assess the pathogenetic role of thromboxane in this model, female Wistar rats were mated 2 weeks after receiving Adriamycin (3.5 mg/kg intravenously). Rats were then treated with the thromboxane-receptor antagonist daltroban, 60 mg day−1 kg−1 orally, beginning on day 11 of pregnancy. Systolic blood pressure, proteinuria and the

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14

Holemans, K., L. Aerts, and F. A. Van Assche. "Absence of pregnancy-induced alterations in tissue insulin sensitivity in the offspring of diabetic rats." Journal of Endocrinology 131, no. 3 (1991): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1310387.

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ABSTRACT We have previously demonstrated insulin resistance in the liver and peripheral tissues of the adult offspring of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin (SDF rats). In this study, a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp was used to test the hypothesis that insulin resistance is further aggravated during pregnancy in SDF rats. Normal pregnancy was accompanied by a decrease in the sensitivity of the liver and peripheral tissues to insulin, with a normal responsiveness to insulin. In SDF rats no further decrease in the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin occurred during pregnancy w

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15

Weissgerber, Tracey L., Andrea McConico, Bruce E. Knudsen, et al. "Methodological differences account for inconsistencies in reported free VEGF concentrations in pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 306, no. 11 (2014): R796—R803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00544.2013.

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Free vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is undetectable in plasma during human pregnancy. However, studies examining pregnant rats have reported both low (8–29 pg/ml) and high (527–1,030 pg/ml) free VEGF. These discrepancies cast uncertainty over the use of rat models to study angiogenic factors in pregnancy and preeclampsia. This study investigates methodological factors that may explain these discrepancies. Plasma VEGF in nonpregnant, day 7 pregnant, and day 19 pregnant rats was measured using rat and mouse ELISAs (R&D Systems). The rat ELISA detected VEGF in plasma from nonpregna

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16

Spradley, Frank T., Jennifer M. Sasser, Jacqueline B. Musall, Jennifer C. Sullivan, and Joey P. Granger. "Nitric oxide synthase-mediated blood pressure regulation in obese melanocortin-4 receptor-deficient pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 311, no. 5 (2016): R851—R857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00285.2016.

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Although obesity increases the risk for hypertension in pregnancy, the mechanisms responsible are unknown. Increased nitric oxide (NO) production results in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure during normal pregnancy in lean rats; however, the role of NO is less clear during obese pregnancies. We examined the impact of obesity on NO synthase (NOS)-mediated regulation of blood pressure during pregnancy by testing the hypothesis that NOS activity, expression, and regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure are reduced in obese pregnant rats. At gestational day 19, melanocortin-4 receptor

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17

Paris, Jason J., and Cheryl A. Frye. "Estrous cycle, pregnancy, and parity enhance performance of rats in object recognition or object placement tasks." REPRODUCTION 136, no. 1 (2008): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-07-0512.

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Ovarian hormone elevations are associated with enhanced learning/memory. During behavioral estrus or pregnancy, progestins, such as progesterone (P4) and its metabolite 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), are elevated due, in part, to corpora luteal and placental secretion. During ‘pseudopregnancy’, the induction of corpora luteal functioning results in a hormonal milieu analogous to pregnancy, which ceases after about 12 days, due to the lack of placental formation. Multiparity is also associated with enhanced learning/memory, perhaps due to prior steroid exposure during pregnancy. Given evi

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18

St-Louis, J., A. Parent, J. Gutkowska, J. Genest, and E. L. Schiffrin. "Vasorelaxation and vascular binding sites for atrial natriuretic peptide in pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 254, no. 6 (1988): H1027—H1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1988.254.6.h1027.

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To investigate the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in pregnancy, we measured, in cyclic and pregnant female rats (9- and 21-days pregnant), the vascular responsiveness to ANP using helical strips of the thoracic aorta, the binding characteristics of 125I-labeled ANP in a membrane preparation of the mesenteric vascular bed, and the plasma level and the atrial content of immunoreactive ANP (IR-ANP). On aorta strips, concentration-response (C-R) curves to phenylephrine (PE) were measured and were slightly displaced to the right in the aorta of both groups of pregnant rats in comparison w

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Takiuti, Nilton Hideto, Maria Helena Cetelli Carvalho, Soubhi Kahhale, Dorothy Nigro, Hermes Vieira Barbeiro, and Marcelo Zugaib. "The effect of chronic nitric oxide inhibition on vascular reactivity and blood pressure in pregnant rats." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 117, no. 5 (1999): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801999000500004.

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CONTEXT: The exact mechanism involved in changes in blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance during pregnancy is unknown. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the importance of endothelium-derivated relaxing factor (EDRF) and its main component, nitric oxide, in blood pressure and vascular reactivity in pregnant rats. DESIGN: Clinical trial in experimentation animals. SETTING: University laboratory of Pharmacology. SAMPLE: Female Wistar rats with normal blood pressure, weight (152 to 227 grams) and age (90 to 116 days). INTERVENTION: The rats were divided in to four groups: pregnant rats treated wit

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Hirvonen, M. R., and K. M. Savolainen. "Malaoxon-Induced Brain Phosphoinositide Turnover and Changes in Brain Calcium Levels by Female Gender in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Convulsing and Non-Convulsing Rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 12, no. 6 (1993): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719301200604.

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Alterations in malaoxon-(MO)-induced brain regional phosphoinositide (PI) turnover and in brain calcium levels were studied in female non-pregnant and pregnant rats, and in their offspring. The adult rats were followed for 1 or 4 h after MO for tonic-clonic convulsions. A dose of 8.2 mg kg-1 of MO caused similar convulsions in 74% of the pregnant rats as we have reported in young male rats with a dose of 39.2 mg kg-1,1 However, convulsions did not occur in non-pregnant female rats. Inositol and inositol monophosphate levels were similar in all control rats. MO decreased brain inositol both in

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SALVATIERRA, CRISTIANA S. B., SÍLVIA R. L. REIS, ANA F. M. PESSOA, et al. "Short-term low-protein diet during pregnancy alters islet area and protein content of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in rats." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 2 (2015): 1007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140251.

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The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediate β cell growth, proliferation, survival and death. We investigated whether protein restriction during pregnancy alters islet morphometry or the expression and phosphorylation of several proteins involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. As controls, adult pregnant and non-pregnant rats were fed a normal-protein diet (17%). Pregnant and non-pregnant rats in the experimental groups were fed a low-protein diet (6%) for 15 days. Low protein diet during pregnancy

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Miller, S. C., T. H. Omura, and L. J. Smith. "Changes in Dentin Appositional Rates During Pregnancy and Lactation in Rats." Journal of Dental Research 64, no. 8 (1985): 1062–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345850640080701.

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Dentin appositional rates were determined in pregnant and lactating rats and compared with those in non-pregnant, age-matched controls. Appositional rates were calculated from measurements of distance between fluorescent mineralized tissue markers. There were significant increases in dentin apposition during pregnancy, with the greatest increases seen in the first two weeks. Dentin appositional rates decreased significantly during mid-lactation. These results indicate that homeostatic changes during pregnancy and lactation affect mineralized tissue accretion.

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Davis, Justin R., Jena B. Giardina, Gachavis M. Green, Barbara T. Alexander, Joey P. Granger та Raouf A. Khalil. "Reduced endothelial NO-cGMP vascular relaxation pathway during TNF-α-induced hypertension in pregnant rats". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 282, № 2 (2002): R390—R399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00270.2001.

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Placental ischemia during pregnancy is thought to release cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which may contribute to the increased vascular resistance associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension. We have reported that a chronic twofold elevation in plasma TNF-α increases blood pressure in pregnant but not in virgin rats; however, the vascular mechanisms are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that increasing plasma TNF-α during pregnancy impairs endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation and enhances vascular reactivity. Active stress was measured in aortic strips of virgin and

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Al-Jarallah, Aishah, Elsie Oommen, Lilly Chacko Verghese, and Mabayoje A. Oriowo. "Role of Extracellular Calcium and Calcium Sensitization in the Anti-Contractile Effect of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Pregnant Rat Aorta." Pharmacology 104, no. 5-6 (2019): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000502504.

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Previous studies have shown that the anti-contractile effect of the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is attenuated in pregnancy. In the present investigation, we have examined the possibility that this loss of anti-contractile effect could be due to changes in calcium mobilization. PVAT exerted anti-contractile effect against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced contractions of aorta segments from pregnant and non-pregnant rats and this anti-contractile effect was attenuated in segments from pregnant rats. Nifedipine (10–6 mol/L), an inhibitor of L-type dihydropyridine calcium channels, signif

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Kriston, Tünde, Rocco C. Venuto, Christine Baylis, and György Losonczy. "Hemodynamic and renal effects of U-46619, a TXA2/PGH2analog, in late-pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 276, no. 3 (1999): R831—R837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.3.r831.

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The vasoconstrictor effects of pressor agents are attenuated during pregnancy. Thromboxane A2(TXA2) is produced in great quantities during hypertension in pregnancy, and therefore it is important to know whether pregnancy modifies the pressor effects of TXA2. The TXA2 analog U-46619 was infused in anesthetized, acutely prepared and conscious, chronically prepared late-pregnant and nonpregnant female rats to examine its systemic hemodynamic and renal effects. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were lower in anesthetized pregnant than nonpregnant rats ( P < 0.0

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Lu, Chien-Chen, Shiow-Chwen Tsai, Shyi-Wu Wang, et al. "Effects of ovarian steroid hormones and thyroxine on calcitonin secretion in pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 274, no. 2 (1998): E246—E252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.2.e246.

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In the present study, the roles of ovarian steroid hormones and thyroxine (T4) in regulating the secretion of calcitonin (CT) in pregnant rats were examined. The levels of plasma progesterone, pre- and post-CaCl2plasma CT, and recovery time of plasma CT and calcium after calcium challenge were greatest in midterm pregnant rats. The levels of basal plasma progesterone, CT, calcium, and recovery time of plasma CT after calcium challenge were less in late pregnant rats, but basal plasma estradiol was highest in late pregnancy. The concentrations of plasma T4 were gradually decreased in rats durin

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Mbepera, Saada M., Shaabani A. Mshamu, Robert A. Max, and Joshua J. Malago. "Heat Stress Induces Oxidative Stress and Predisposes Rats to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Biology and Life Science 14, no. 2 (2023): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v14i2.21111.

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of hyperglycemia due to carbohydrate intolerance that begins during pregnancy. This may be due to insulin resistance or impairment of insulin secretion during the pregnancy. Several causes of GDM have been identified which include oxidative stress (OS), however the association of heat stress and GDM development during pregnancy is limited. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the association between heat stress and GDM in rats. Pregnant and non-pregnant Wistar rats were maintained at 41 - 42°C for 21 days. On day 1, 8, 15 and 21 of the experime

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Perkinson, Michael R., Rachael A. Augustine, Gregory T. Bouwer, et al. "Plasticity in Intrinsic Excitability of Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurosecretory Neurons in Late-Pregnant and Lactating Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (2021): 7140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137140.

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Oxytocin and vasopressin secretion from the posterior pituitary gland are required for normal pregnancy and lactation. Oxytocin secretion is relatively low and constant under basal conditions but becomes pulsatile during birth and lactation to stimulate episodic contraction of the uterus for delivery of the fetus and milk ejection during suckling. Vasopressin secretion is maintained in pregnancy and lactation despite reduced osmolality (the principal stimulus for vasopressin secretion) to increase water retention to cope with the cardiovascular demands of pregnancy and lactation. Oxytocin and

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Ramos, P., and E. Herrera. "Reversion of insulin resistance in the rat during late pregnancy by 72-h glucose infusion." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 269, no. 5 (1995): E858—E863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1995.269.5.e858.

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To determine whether sustained exaggerated hyperinsulinemia in normoglycemic rats modifies insulin responsiveness during pregnancy, 17-day-pregnant and virgin rats were studied after receiving a continuous intravenous infusion (35 ml/day) of either 50% glucose or bidistilled water (controls) for 72 h. Plasma glucose was unchanged, whereas insulin was highly increased, and the effect was more marked in pregnant than in virgin rats. Insulin responsiveness, estimated under the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with 0.8 IU insulin.h-1.kg-1, was lower in control pregnant than in virgin rats but hig

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Murphy, Jason G., Jason N. Herrington, Joey P. Granger, and Raouf A. Khalil. "Enhanced [Ca2+]i in renal arterial smooth muscle cells of pregnant rats with reduced uterine perfusion pressure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 284, no. 1 (2003): H393—H403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00247.2002.

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Reduction of uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) during late pregnancy has been suggested to trigger increases in renal vascular resistance and lead to hypertension of pregnancy. We investigated whether the increased renal vascular resistance associated with RUPP in late pregnancy reflects increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and contraction of renal arterial smooth muscle. Single smooth muscle cells were isolated from renal interlobular arteries of normal pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and a rat model of RUPP during late pregnancy. The cells were loaded with fura 2 and both cel

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Nakago, S., T. Funakoshi, Y. Ueda, and T. Maruo. "Regulation of circulating levels of IGF-I in pregnant rats: changes in nitrogen balance correspond with changes in serum IGF-I concentrations." Journal of Endocrinology 163, no. 2 (1999): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1630373.

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Serum IGF-I concentrations in rats decrease significantly in late pregnancy. To determine if the reduction in serum IGF-I concentrations is attributable to circulating GH or maternal nutritional status, we investigated the effect of treatment with recombinant human GH (rhGH: 100 microgram/rat per day) on IGF-I concentrations during late pregnancy, and evaluated the relationship between maternal nitrogen balance and IGF-I concentrations. Serum IGF-I concentrations and maternal nitrogen balance ((nitrogen intake)-(nitrogen content in faeces and urine)-(nitrogen content in fetus and placenta)) we

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Murphy, Jason G., Jason N. Herrington, Barbara T. Alexander, Joey P. Granger, and Raouf A. Khalil. "Enhanced [Ca 2+ ] I and Contractility of Renal Arterial Smooth Muscle in a Rat Model of Hypertension Produced by Reduction of Uterine Perfusion Pressure in Late Pregnancy." Hypertension 36, suppl_1 (2000): 719–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hyp.36.suppl_1.719-e.

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P147 Reduction of uterine perfusion pressure during late pregnancy has been suggested to trigger increases in renal vascular resistance and pregnancy-induced hypertension; however, the cellular mechanisms involved are unclear. We investigated whether reduction of uterine perfusion pressure in late pregnancy is associated with increased [Ca 2+ ] i and contractility of renal arterial smooth muscle. Single smooth muscle cells were isolated from renal interlobular arteries of late pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and a hypertensive pregnant rat model produced by chronic reduction in uterine perfusion

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Yamada, Ruth, Mauro A. Griggio, and Jacqueline Luz. "Energy balance of pregnant diabetic rats." British Journal of Nutrition 87, no. 5 (2002): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001520.

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Pregnancy and diabetes lead to metabolic alterations in the energy balance that may not be completely independent. The objective of the present study was to look at the alterations induced by type 1 diabetes mellitus on the energy balance of pregnant rats and the offspring. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection 15 d before the starting of pregnancy. The rats had their energy balance variables followed for 21 d. Protein, fat and energy content of dams was determined from samples of the carcasses. Pregnancy led to increased energy intake, energy gain and energy expenditure as well as

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Luo, Liping, Sihong Zhu, Abolfazl Akbari та Buzhen Tan. "Ginger Could Improve Gestational Diabetes by Targeting Genes Involved in Nutrient Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and the WNT/β-Catenin/GSK3β Signaling Pathway". Natural Product Communications 17, № 12 (2022): 1934578X2211412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x221141276.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect in female rats of 6 weeks of ginger consumption on gestational diabetes by assessing glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative damage, inflammation, and the WNT/β-catenin/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) signaling pathway. In this study, 40 adult female rats were divided into 4 equal groups as follows: pregnant rats, pregnant rats with diabetes, pregnant rats consuming ginger, and pregnant rats with diabetes consuming ginger. Induction of diabetes on day 0 of pregnancy was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Insulin, glucose, and lipid profil

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LOTH, Eduardo Alexandre, Vanessa CECATTO, Samia Khalil BIAZIM, et al. "EXPERIMENTAL PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN PREGNANT RATS." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57, no. 6 (2015): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652015000600010.

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Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. There are few reports in the literature about the disease damages during pregnancy and the consequences to the fetuses and breeding. This study evaluated the implications of PCM during pregnancy on offspring and mothers in Wistar rats. Groups of rats were submitted to systemic Pb infection, by intraperitoneal infusion, and mated 30 days after the infection date. Immediately after birth, rats and neonates were sacrificed to obtain organs for s

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Gao, Haijun, Daren Tubianosa Tanchico, Uma Yallampalli, and Chandrasekhar Yallampalli. "A Low-Protein Diet Enhances Angiotensin II Production in the Lung of Pregnant Rats but Not Nonpregnant Rats." Journal of Pregnancy 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4293431.

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Pulmonary angiotensin II production is enhanced in pregnant rats fed a low-protein (LP) diet. Here we assessed if LP diet induces elevations in angiotensin II production in nonpregnant rats and whetherAceexpression and ACE activity in lungs are increased. Nonpregnant rats were fed a normal (CT) or LP diet for 8, 12, or 17 days and timed pregnant rats fed for 17 days from Day 3 of pregnancy. Plasma angiotensin II, expressions ofAceandAce2, and activities of these proteins in lungs, kidneys, and plasma were measured. These parameters were compared among nonpregnant rats or between nonpregnant an

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Sánchez-Vera, I., B. Bonet, M. Viana, E. Herrera, and A. Indart. "Effect of Acipimox on Plasma Lipids and Glucose/Insulin in Pregnant Rats." International Journal of Experimental Diabetes Research 3, no. 4 (2002): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15604280214938.

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To determine how a reduction in maternal hypertriglyceridemia during late pregnancy may affect glucose/insulin relationships, pregnant and virgin rats were orally treated with acipimox, a potent antilipolytic agent. In 20-day pregnant rats receiving 80 mg of acipimox, plasma triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), and glycerol decreased more than in virgin rats shortly after the drug (up to 7 hours), when compared with animals treated with distilled water, whereas plasma glucose level was unaffected by the treatment in either group of rats. When acipimox was given every 12 hours from day 1

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Xu, D. L., P. Y. Martin, J. St John, et al. "Upregulation of endothelial and neuronal constitutive nitric oxide synthase in pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 6 (1996): R1739—R1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.6.r1739.

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Pregnancy is characterized by hemodynamic and body fluid alterations. Increased nitric oxide (NO) production has been suggested to play a role in the hemodynamic alterations of pregnancy and has also been reported to increase arginine vasopressin (AVP) release. We therefore hypothesized that gestation could increase both NO synthase (NOS) constitutive isoforms, neuronal NOS and endothelial NOS, and thereby contribute to the hyposmolality and peripheral arterial vasodilation of pregnancy, respectively. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the constitutive NOS isoforms in aortas

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Laiprasert, J. D., R. L. Hamlin, and C. M. Heesch. "Afferent baroreceptor discharge in pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 281, no. 6 (2001): H2456—H2462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.6.h2456.

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The baroreflex function curve is shifted to lower operating pressures, efferent sympathoexcitatory responses are attenuated, and sympathoinhibitory responses are potentiated in pregnant compared with virgin rats. It has been proposed that during pregnancy, elevated levels of 3α-hydroxy-dihydroprogesterone (3α-OH-DHP), a major metabolite of progesterone, may contribute to this difference, because acute intravenous administration of 3α-OH-DHP to virgin female rats mimics the effects of pregnancy on the baroreflex. To determine whether changes in the afferent limb might contribute to these barore

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Martin, M. E., A. M. Garcia, L. Blanco, E. Herrera, and M. Salinas. "Effect of streptozotocin diabetes on polysomal aggregation and protein synthesis rate in the liver of pregnant rats and their offspring." Bioscience Reports 15, no. 1 (1995): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01200211.

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To study the effect of diabetes on hepatic protein synthesis and polysomal aggregation in pregnant rats, female rats were treated with streptozotocin prior to conception. Some animals were mated, and studied at day 20 of pregnancy, whereas, others were studied in parallel under non pregnant conditions. The protein synthesis rate measured with an “in vitro” cell-free system was higher in pregnant than in virgin control rats. It decreased with diabetes in both groups, although values remained higher in diabetic pregnant rats than in the virgin animals. The fetuses of diabetic rats had a lower pr

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Orshal, Julia M., and Raouf A. Khalil. "Interleukin-6 impairs endothelium-dependent NO-cGMP-mediated relaxation and enhances contraction in systemic vessels of pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286, no. 6 (2004): R1013—R1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00729.2003.

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IL-6 is elevated in plasma of preeclamptic women, and twofold elevation of plasma IL-6 increases vascular resistance and arterial pressure in pregnant rats, suggesting a role of the cytokine in hypertension of pregnancy. However, whether the hemodynamic effects of IL-6 reflect direct effects of the cytokine on the mechanisms of vascular contraction/relaxation is unclear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that IL-6 directly impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation and enhances vascular contraction in systemic vessels of pregnant rats. Active stress was measured in aortic stri

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Kanashiro, Celia A., Kathy L. Cockrell, Barbara T. Alexander, Joey P. Granger, and Raouf A. Khalil. "Pregnancy-associated reduction in vascular protein kinase C activity rebounds during inhibition of NO synthesis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 2 (2000): R295—R303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.2.r295.

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Vascular reactivity has been shown to be reduced during pregnancy and to be enhanced during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in pregnant rats; however, the cellular mechanisms involved are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the pregnancy-induced changes in vascular reactivity are associated with changes in the amount and/or activity of vascular protein kinase C (PKC). Active stress as well as the amount and activity of PKC was measured in deendothelialized thoracic aortic strips from virgin and pregnant rats untreated or treated with the NO synthase

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Ahmed, Hijab, Johanna L. Hannan, John W. Apolzan, et al. "A free-choice high-fat, high-sucrose diet induces hyperphagia, obesity, and cardiovascular dysfunction in female cycling and pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 316, no. 5 (2019): R472—R485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00391.2018.

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The main objective of these studies was to characterize metabolic, body composition, and cardiovascular responses to a free-choice high-fat, high-sucrose diet in female cycling and pregnant rats. In the nonpregnant state, female Sprague-Dawley rats offered a 3-wk free-choice high-fat, high-sucrose diet had greater energy intake, adiposity, serum leptin, and triglyceride concentrations compared with rats fed with standard chow and developed glucose intolerance. In addition, choice-diet-fed rats had larger cardiac ventricular weights, smaller kidney and pancreas weights, and higher blood pressur

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Simaan, May, Chanterelle Cadorette, Matthieu Poterek, Jean St-Louis, and Michèle Brochu. "Calcium channels contribute to the decrease in blood pressure of pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 282, no. 2 (2002): H665—H671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01183.2000.

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Pregnancy is associated with hemodynamic changes such as reduced vascular resistance and blood pressure. We reported that, during late pregnancy, the activity of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) is altered in the adrenal cortex and vascular smooth muscle. These observations suggested that the late pregnancy-induced decrease in blood pressure is linked to diminished VDCC function. We attempted to prevent pregnancy-induced reduced blood pressure with a calcium channel activator (CGP 28392) in pregnant rats and to mimic it by administration of a calcium channel blocker (nifedipine) to no

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Kvochina, Lyudmyla, Eileen M. Hasser, and Cheryl M. Heesch. "Pregnancy increases baroreflex-independent GABAergic inhibition of the RVLM in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 6 (2007): R2295—R2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2007.

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During baroreceptor unloading, sympathoexcitation is attenuated in near-term pregnant compared with nonpregnant rats. Alterations in balance among different excitatory and inhibitory inputs within central autonomic pathways likely contribute to changes in regulation of sympathetic outflow in pregnancy. Both baroreflex-dependent and baroreflex-independent GABAergic inputs inhibit sympathoexcitatory neurons within rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The present experiments tested the hypothesis that influence of baroreflex-independent GABAergic inhibition of RVLM is greater in pregnant compare

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Garland, H. O., J. C. Atherton, C. Baylis, M. R. A. Morgan, and C. M. Milne. "Hormone profiles for progesterone, oestradiol, prolactin, plasma renin activity, aldosterone and corticosterone during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in two strains of rat: correlation with renal studies." Journal of Endocrinology 113, no. 3 (1987): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1130435.

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ABSTRACT Plasma samples were obtained throughout pregnancy and pseudopregnancy from Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats and during pregnancy from rats of the Munich Wistar (MW) strain. The concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol, prolactin, plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone and corticosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay to establish hormonal profiles in the two strains of rat. Circulating progesterone concentrations in both strains of rat were significantly higher during pregnancy than in virgin controls, except at term in the SD group. The hormonal pattern for pseudopregnancy was similar

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Sirous, Zohreh N., Kathy L. Cockrell, Barbara T. Alexander, Joey P. Grnager та Raouf A. Khalil. "Tnfα-Induced Hypertension in Pregnant Rats Is Associated with Increased [Ca 2+ ] I Signaling in Renal Arterial Smooth Muscle". Hypertension 36, suppl_1 (2000): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hyp.36.suppl_1.688-e.

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61 Placental ischemia during late pregnancy triggers the release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which may contribute to the increased vascular resistance associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). We have reported that elevation of plasma TNFα 2-fold increases blood pressure and renal vascular resistance in pregnant rats; however, the cellular mechanisms involved are unclear. In this study, we investigated whether TNFα infusion in pregnant rats (10 ng/kg/day for 7 days) is associated with increases in [Ca 2+ ] i and contractility of renal arterial smooth muscle. Pregnant (MAP =

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Nascimento, Regina A., Jose S. Possomato-Vieira, Giselle F. Bonacio, Elen Rizzi, and Carlos A. Dias-Junior. "Reductions of Circulating Nitric Oxide are Followed by Hypertension during Pregnancy and Increased Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 and -9 in Rats." Cells 8, no. 11 (2019): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8111402.

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Hypertensive pregnancy has been associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO), bioavailability, and increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, it is unclear if MMPs activation is regulated by NO during pregnancy. To this end, we examined activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in plasma, placenta, uterus and aorta, NO bioavailability, oxidative stress, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and fetal-placental development at the early, middle, and late pregnancy stages in normotensive and Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl-ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive pregnancy in rats. Reduced MMP-2 activity in

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Cunningham, Mark W., Crystal A. West, Xuerong Wen, Aihua Deng та Chris Baylis. "Pregnant rats treated with a high-fat/prooxidant Western diet with ANG II and TNF-α are resistant to elevations in blood pressure and renal oxidative stress". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 308, № 11 (2015): R945—R956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00141.2014.

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Oxidative stress and inflammation are risk factors for hypertension in pregnancy. Here, we examined the 24-h mean arterial pressure (MAP) via telemetry and the nitric oxide (NO) and redox systems in the kidney cortex, medulla, and aorta of virgin and pregnant rats treated with a high-fat/prooxidant Western diet (HFD), ANG II, and TNF-α. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given a normal diet (ND) or a HFD for 8 wk before mating. Day 6 of pregnancy and age-matched virgins were implanted with minipumps infusing saline or ANG II (150 ng·kg−1·min−1) + TNF-α (75 ng/day) for 14 days. Groups consisted of

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Spradley, Frank T., Ana C. Palei, Christopher D. Anderson, and Joey P. Granger. "Melanocortin-4 Receptor Deficiency Attenuates Placental Ischemia-Induced Hypertension in Pregnant Rats." Hypertension 73, no. 1 (2019): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12028.

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Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder of new-onset hypertension linked to placental ischemia. While obesity is a major risk factor for preeclampsia, not all obese pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia. Previously, we reported that placental ischemia-induced hypertension is dependent upon intact signaling of the sympathetic nervous system. Moreover, in various models of obesity, blockade of MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor) signaling protects against the development of hypertension via suppression of the sympathetic nervous system. Less is known about this p

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