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Books on the topic 'Reward circuit'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Chan, Ching-Yuen. Cell controller for printed circuit board assembly rework. University of Salford, 1994.

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2

IPC (Organization) Repairability Subcommittee. Rework, modification and repair of electronic assemblies. IPC, 1988.

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3

Steele, Vaughn R., Vani Pariyadath, Rita Z. Goldstein, and Elliot A. Stein. Reward Circuitry and Drug Addiction. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0044.

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Addiction is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome related to dysregulation of brain systems including the mesocorticolimbic dopamine reward circuit. Dysregulation of reward circuitry is related to each of the three cyclical stages in the disease model of addiction: maintenance, abstinence, and relapse. Parsing reward circuitry is confounded due to the anatomical complexity of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops, forward and backward projections within the circuit, and interactions between neurotransmitter systems. We begin by introducing the neurobiology of the reward system, specifical

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4

Hogh-Olesen, Henrik. Art and the Brain’s Reward System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927929.003.0008.

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Chapter 7 takes the investigation of the aesthetic impulse into the human brain to understand, first, why only we—and not our closest relatives among the primates—express ourselves aesthetically; and second, how the brain reacts when presented with aesthetic material. Brain scans are less useful when you are interested in the Why of aesthetic behavior rather than the How. Nevertheless, some brain studies have been ground-breaking, and neuroaesthetics offers a pivotal argument for the key function of the aesthetic impulse in human lives; it shows us that the brain’s reward circuit is activated

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5

Cuthbert, Bruce N. The Nimh Research Domain Criteria Project. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0071.

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The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project grew from recognized deficiencies in currently used diagnostic schemes for mental illness, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). While the latter is based on a series of signs and symptoms of illnesses that can co-occur in groups of individuals, without consideration of underlying biological factors, RDoC is based on the increasing ability to relate normal as well as abnormal behavior to particular molecules and circuits in the brain across animal species and humans. Behavioral domains include negative valence syste

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6

Haber, Suzanne N. Neurocircuitry Underlying OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0020.

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Structural and functional imaging studies have identified abnormalities in the brains of individuals with OCD. The most consistent findings point to pathology in the circuitry connecting the prefrontal cortex with the basal ganglia, and especially to abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and striatum. This chapter describes the detailed anatomy and interconnectivity of these structures, together with its functional correlates, to provide context for the more detailed treatment of abnormalities seen in O

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7

Hyman, Steven E. The neurobiology of addiction as a window on voluntary control of behavior and moral responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0024.

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Many laboratories, working worldwide on both animal models and human subjects, have produced significant insights into the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie drug addiction. Addictive drugs produce pathologic activation of brain reward circuits, resulting in long-term alterations in brain circuitry involved in decision-making and control of behavior. The result is a loss of control over drug seeking and engagement in compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. This scientific view is in tension with moral models that see drug use by addicted people as a matter of errant choice com

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8

Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. Conclusion and overview. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0013.

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Substance addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder. It is the manifestation of the long-term pharmacological actions of substances on the receptor mechanisms of the brain’s neural circuitry. There are different neurotransmitter systems (e.g. dopamine, GABA, opioids) and even appetite hormones, acting within this neural circuitry in addiction, but their collective roles in the disorder remain equivocal. Importantly, disturbances to these systems may also pre-date addiction, which leads people to initiate substance abuse (e.g. stress, reward sensitivity). People may also be at an increased risk

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9

Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. The glutamate system and addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0009.

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Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamate is involved in synaptic plasticity, particularly within dopamine systems of the brain that are involved in reward. Glutamate-dependent plasticity is involved in the development of substance addiction through its actions at NMDA receptors during long-term potentiation (LTP) related learning and memory processes. This plasticity within brain circuitry involved in learning and memory is sustained during substance abstinence and may provide a neural substrate for a vulnerability to addiction relapse. Medications that poss

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10

Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. Neurobiological processes in addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0004.

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The brain is involved in controlling necessary motivational and cognitive processes optimized for survival. These processes can be disrupted by substances of addiction. The key neural substrates underlying these processes are made up of a network of four independent and overlapping brain circuits. These circuits govern reward processing, motivation and/or drive, learning and memory, and cognitive control. Anomalies within these circuits may also pre-date the addiction state, and facilitate the progress from experimentation to substance addiction. The subsequent excessive and chronic use of sub

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11

Blyton, Enid. Come to the Circus! Dean, 1990.

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12

Fox, Nathan A., Bethany C. Reeb-Sutherland, and Kathryn A. Degnan. Personality and Emotional Development. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0002.

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Over the past 20 years, research on the development of emotions and interest in the emotion–cognition interface has blossomed. Coinciding with this growth has been research on the neural circuitry and development of two basic motivational/emotion states: one brought on by threat and danger (i.e., fear) and one resulting from actively pursuing or receiving reward (i.e., reward/joy). The current chapter reviews traditional approaches to thinking about emotional development and temperament in infants and children. It then reviews the neuroscience work associated with fear and reward with a focus

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13

Hayes, Dave J., Georg Northoff, and Andrew J. Greenshaw, eds. Reward- and Aversion-Related Processing in the Brain: Translational Evidence for Separate and Shared Circuits. Frontiers Media SA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-836-8.

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14

Taylor, Véronique A., and Pierre Rainville. Endogenous opioids in placebo-induced analgesia. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0011.

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Placebos achieve scientifically proven pain-relieving effects yet are inactive substances for the treatment of pain. Levine, Gordon, and Fields were the first to demonstrate the role of endogenous opioids in placebo-induced analgesia during dental post-operative pain. Several studies using pharmacological manipulations and/or neuroimaging techniques confirmed their findings that placebo analgesia is reversible by naloxone, and also identified brain pathways involved in opioidergic neurotransmission during placebo analgesia (prefrontal regions rich in opioid receptors such as the anterior cingu

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15

W, Balleine Bernard, and New York Academy of Sciences, eds. Reward and decision making in corticobasal ganglia networks. Blackwell Pub. on behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2007.

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16

Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. Drug pharmacokinetics and abuse liability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0005.

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Pharmacokinetics refers to the effect of the body on drugs. Pharmacokinetics is divided into several areas including the extent and rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of substances. The rapid delivery of drugs like cocaine and nicotine, for example, enhances their effects in reward brain circuitry, and the rate at which the body can metabolize a substance may also make it more reinforcing. Pharmacokinetics, therefore, plays an important role in substance abuse and addiction and its treatment.

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17

Churchland, Patricia Smith. The Impact of Social Neuroscience on Moral Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460723.003.0002.

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Part I begins with Patricia Churchland exploring the impact of social neuroscience on moral philosophy. She argues that the basic platform for morality is attachment and bonding, and the caring behavior motivated by such attachment—and that oxytocin, a neurohormone, is at the hub of attachment behavior in social mammals and probably birds. Not acting alone, oxytocin works with other hormones and neurotransmitters and circuitry adaptations. Among its many roles, oxytocin decreases the stress response, making possible the trusting and cooperative interactions typical of life in social mammals. C

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18

Reissner, Kathryn J., and Peter W. Kalivas. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Addiction. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0046.

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Exposure to drugs of abuse can be a reinforcing experience that, in vulnerable individuals, can lead to continued use and the development of an addiction disorder. Evidence indicates that the escalation in use and compulsive motivation to obtain the drug is linked to long-lasting cellular changes within the brain reward neurocircuitry. In this chapter we describe the stages of transition in use from social use to habitual relapse, and within that context we describe the implicated neurocircuitry, and the enduring cellular and molecular changes that occur within that circuitry, that may mediate

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19

Han, Shihui. Neural processes of culturally familiar information. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743194.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 introduces the concept of cultural learning and its function in the transmission of cultural knowledge over generations, and the construction of new cultural beliefs/values and behavioral scripts. It examines brain activity that is engaged in differential processing of culturally familiar and unfamiliar information by reviewing functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potential studies of neural activity involved in the processing of gesture, music, brand, and religious knowledge. Long-term cultural experiences give rise to specific neural mechanisms in the human brain

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20

Padhi, Ashwini K., Ali M. Mehdi, Kevin J. Craig, and Naomi A. Fineberg. Current Classification of Impulse Control Disorders: Neurocognitive and Behavioral Models of Impulsivity and the Role of Personality. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0017.

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Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are common disabling disorders that have impulsive behavior as a core feature. They emerge early in life and run a chronic lifelong course. They are assumed to lie at the severest end of a continuum of impulsivity that connects normal with pathological states. People with ICDs experience a drive to undertake repetitive acts. Although the consequences are damaging, performance of the impulsive act may be experienced as rewarding, or alternatively may relieve distress, implicating dysfunction of the neural circuitry involved in reward processing and/or behavioral

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21

Meyer, Monica. Understanding Sexual Addiction and Hypersexuality (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0015.

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Various terms such as sexual addiction and hypersexuality have been used to describe a problematic and destructive pattern of excessive sexual behavior that persists despite negative consequences. Proposed diagnostic criteria are presented and several typologies are described in terms of their clinical presentation and associated consequences. Pornography addiction is discussed in terms of its typical course and observed impact on sexual arousal, sexual functioning, and the romantic partnership. Interpersonal neurobiology is used to conceptualize sex addiction from the three interacting theore

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22

Heitzeg, Mary M., and B. J. Casey. Brain Development and the Risk for Substance Abuse. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0047.

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Addiction affects millions of people each year in the United States, with adolescence being a particularly vulnerable period of risk. This chapter provides an overview of recent human imaging and animal studies of adolescent brain development to further elucidate who may be most at risk for developing a substance abuse problem and when they may be most vulnerable. Emphasis on how brain circuitry underlying impulse control and sensitivity to rewards changes across development and how individual variation in this development may contribute to risk for addiction are highlighted. Understanding ris

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23

Barrett, Catherine E., and Larry J. Young. Molecular Neurobiology of Social Bonding. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.001.

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Many psychiatric illnesses, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, and depression, are characterized by impaired social cognition and a compromised ability to form social relationships. Although drugs are currently available to treat other symptoms of these disorders, none specifically target the social deficits. In order to develop pharmacotherapies to enhance social functioning, particularly for ASD where social impairment is a core symptom, we must first understand the basic neurobiology underlying complex social behaviors. The socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus o

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