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Journal articles on the topic 'Reward circuit'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Radoman, Milena, Lynne Lieberman, Jagan Jimmy, and Stephanie M. Gorka. "Shared and unique neural circuitry underlying temporally unpredictable threat and reward processing." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (2021): 370–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab006.

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Abstract Temporally unpredictable stimuli influence behavior across species, as previously demonstrated for sequences of simple threats and rewards with fixed or variable onset. Neuroimaging studies have identified a specific frontolimbic circuit that may become engaged during the anticipation of temporally unpredictable threat (U-threat). However, the neural mechanisms underlying processing of temporally unpredictable reward (U-reward) are incompletely understood. It is also unclear whether these processes are mediated by overlapping or distinct neural systems. These knowledge gaps are notewo

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2

Lüscher, Christian, and Patricia H. Janak. "Consolidating the Circuit Model for Addiction." Annual Review of Neuroscience 44, no. 1 (2021): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-092920-123905.

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Addiction is a disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and consumption observed in 20–30% of users. An addicted individual will favor drug reward over natural rewards, despite major negative consequences. Mechanistic research on rodents modeling core components of the disease has identified altered synaptic transmission as the functional substrate of pathological behavior. While the initial version of a circuit model for addiction focused on early drug adaptive behaviors observed in all individuals, it fell short of accounting for the stochastic nature of the transition to compulsion.

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Zhou, Huanyuan, KongFatt Wong-Lin, and Da-Hui Wang. "Parallel Excitatory and Inhibitory Neural Circuit Pathways Underlie Reward-Based Phasic Neural Responses." Complexity 2018 (2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4356767.

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Phasic activity of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area or substantia nigra compacta (VTA/SNc) has been suggested to encode reward-prediction error signal for reinforcement learning. Recent studies have shown that the lateral habenula (LHb) neurons exhibit a similar response, but for nonrewarding or punishment signals. Hence, the transient signaling role of LHb neurons is opposite that of DA neurons and also that of several other brain nuclei such as the border region of the globus pallidus internal segment (GPb) and the rostral medial tegmentum (RMTg). Previous theoretical

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Noritake, Atsushi, Taihei Ninomiya, and Masaki Isoda. "Representation of distinct reward variables for self and other in primate lateral hypothalamus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 10 (2020): 5516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917156117.

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The lateral hypothalamus (LH) has long been implicated in maintaining behavioral homeostasis essential for the survival of an individual. However, recent evidence suggests its more widespread roles in behavioral coordination, extending to the social domain. The neuronal and circuit mechanisms behind the LH processing of social information are unknown. Here, we show that the LH represents distinct reward variables for “self” and “other” and is causally involved in shaping socially motivated behavior. During a Pavlovian conditioning procedure incorporating ubiquitous social experiences where rew

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Höflich, Anna, Paul Michenthaler, Siegfried Kasper, and Rupert Lanzenberger. "Circuit Mechanisms of Reward, Anhedonia, and Depression." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 22, no. 2 (2018): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy081.

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6

Han, Wenfei, Luis A. Tellez, Matthew H. Perkins, et al. "A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward." Cell 175, no. 3 (2018): 665–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.049.

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Han, Wenfei, Luis A. Tellez, Matthew H. Perkins, et al. "A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward." Cell 175, no. 3 (2018): 887–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.018.

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8

Nestler, Eric J., and William A. Carlezon. "The Mesolimbic Dopamine Reward Circuit in Depression." Biological Psychiatry 59, no. 12 (2006): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.018.

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9

de Boer, Lieke, Benjamín Garzón, Jan Axelsson, et al. "Corticostriatal White Matter Integrity and Dopamine D1 Receptor Availability Predict Age Differences in Prefrontal Value Signaling during Reward Learning." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 10 (2020): 5270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa104.

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Abstract Probabilistic reward learning reflects the ability to adapt choices based on probabilistic feedback. The dopaminergically innervated corticostriatal circuit in the brain plays an important role in supporting successful probabilistic reward learning. Several components of the corticostriatal circuit deteriorate with age, as it does probabilistic reward learning. We showed previously that D1 receptor availability in NAcc predicts the strength of anticipatory value signaling in vmPFC, a neural correlate of probabilistic learning that is attenuated in older participants and predicts proba

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10

Volkow, Nora D., Gene-Jack Wang, Joanna S. Fowler, and Frank Telang. "Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1507 (2008): 3191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0107.

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Drugs and food exert their reinforcing effects in part by increasing dopamine (DA) in limbic regions, which has generated interest in understanding how drug abuse/addiction relates to obesity. Here, we integrate findings from positron emission tomography imaging studies on DA's role in drug abuse/addiction and in obesity and propose a common model for these two conditions. Both in abuse/addiction and in obesity, there is an enhanced value of one type of reinforcer (drugs and food, respectively) at the expense of other reinforcers, which is a consequence of conditioned learning and resetting of

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11

Saunders, Benjamin T., Jocelyn M. Richard, and Patricia H. Janak. "Contemporary approaches to neural circuit manipulation and mapping: focus on reward and addiction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1677 (2015): 20140210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0210.

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Tying complex psychological processes to precisely defined neural circuits is a major goal of systems and behavioural neuroscience. This is critical for understanding adaptive behaviour, and also how neural systems are altered in states of psychopathology, such as addiction. Efforts to relate psychological processes relevant to addiction to activity within defined neural circuits have been complicated by neural heterogeneity. Recent advances in technology allow for manipulation and mapping of genetically and anatomically defined neurons, which when used in concert with sophisticated behavioura

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12

Li, Zhaoyu, Adam J. Iliff, and X. Z. Shawn Xu. "An Elegant Circuit for Balancing Risk and Reward." Neuron 92, no. 5 (2016): 933–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.041.

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13

Schaefer, Michael, and Michael Rotte. "Favorite brands as cultural objects modulate reward circuit." NeuroReport 18, no. 2 (2007): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e328010ac84.

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14

Pujara, Maia, and Michael Koenigs. "Mechanisms of Reward Circuit Dysfunction in Psychiatric Illness." Neuroscientist 20, no. 1 (2013): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858413499407.

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15

Hu, Rongfeng K., Yanning Zuo, Truong Ly, et al. "An amygdala-to-hypothalamus circuit for social reward." Nature Neuroscience 24, no. 6 (2021): 831–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00828-2.

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16

Gutman, Andrea L., and Sharif A. Taha. "Acute ethanol effects on neural encoding of reward size and delay in the nucleus accumbens." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 3 (2016): 1175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00204.2014.

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Acute ethanol administration can cause impulsivity, resulting in increased preference for immediately available rewards over delayed but more valuable alternatives. The manner in which reward size and delay are represented in neural firing is not fully understood, and very little is known about ethanol effects on this encoding. To address this issue, we used in vivo electrophysiology to characterize neural firing in the core of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in rats responding for rewards that varied in size or delay after vehicle or ethanol administration. The NAcc is a central element in the c

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17

Keitz, M., C. Martin-Soelch, and K. L. Leenders. "Reward Processing in the Brain: A Prerequisite for Movement Preparation?" Neural Plasticity 10, no. 1-2 (2003): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2003.121.

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In the last decade, expanding animal studies on the cerebral organization of reward processing toward human in vivo situations has become possible. In this review, we define some of the concepts associated with reward, summarize the crucial importance of the dopaminergic system, and discuss the currently available neuroimaging studies in man. We will show that abstract concepts of human behavior like emotions, drive, arousal, and reinforcement are now open for further exploration in man at the level of neuronal circuit organization. The cerebral dopaminergic neurotransmitter circuitry does pla

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18

Chen, Yunhui, Yangpan Ou, Dan Lv, et al. "Decreased Nucleus Accumbens Connectivity at Rest in Medication-Free Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Neural Plasticity 2021 (June 1, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9966378.

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Background. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) experience deficiencies in reward processing. The investigation of the reward circuit and its essential connectivity may further clarify the pathogenesis of OCD. Methods. The current research was designed to analyze the nucleus accumbens (NAc) functional connectivity at rest in medicine-free patients with OCD. Forty medication-free patients and 38 gender-, education-, and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Seed-based functional connectivity (FC) was used to anal

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19

Haber, Suzanne N., and Brian Knutson. "The Reward Circuit: Linking Primate Anatomy and Human Imaging." Neuropsychopharmacology 35, no. 1 (2009): 4–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.129.

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20

Frasnelli, Johannes, Cornelia Hummel, Viola Bojanowski, Jonathan Warr, Johannes Gerber, and Thomas Hummel. "Food-Related Odors and the Reward Circuit: Functional MRI." Chemosensory Perception 8, no. 4 (2015): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12078-015-9193-8.

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21

Nall, Rusty W., Jasper A. Heinsbroek, Todd B. Nentwig, Peter W. Kalivas, and Ana‐Clara Bobadilla. "Circuit selectivity in drug versus natural reward seeking behaviors." Journal of Neurochemistry 157, no. 5 (2021): 1450–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15297.

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22

Sambuco, Nicola, Margaret M. Bradley, and Peter J. Lang. "Trauma-related dysfunction in the fronto-striatal reward circuit." Journal of Affective Disorders 287 (May 2021): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.043.

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23

Zhang, Ly, and Philip G. Boysen. "New Persistent Opioid Abuse and the Brain Reward Circuit." Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy 1, no. 1 (2020): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2768-5365/2020/1.1101.

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24

Matyjek, Magdalena, Mareike Bayer, and Isabel Dziobek. "Pupillary Responses to Faces Are Modulated by Familiarity and Rewarding Context." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060794.

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Observing familiar (known, recognisable) and socially relevant (personally important) faces elicits activation in the brain’s reward circuit. Although smiling faces are often used as social rewards in research, it is firstly unclear whether familiarity and social relevance modulate the processing of faces differently, and secondly whether this processing depends on the feedback context, i.e., if it is different when smiles are delivered depending on performance or in the absence of any action (passive viewing). In this preregistered study, we compared pupillary responses to smiling faces diffe

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25

Chalk, Matthew, Gasper Tkacik, and Olivier Marre. "Inferring the function performed by a recurrent neural network." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0248940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248940.

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A central goal in systems neuroscience is to understand the functions performed by neural circuits. Previous top-down models addressed this question by comparing the behaviour of an ideal model circuit, optimised to perform a given function, with neural recordings. However, this requires guessing in advance what function is being performed, which may not be possible for many neural systems. To address this, we propose an inverse reinforcement learning (RL) framework for inferring the function performed by a neural network from data. We assume that the responses of each neuron in a network are

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26

Shi, Jing, Hua Guo, Sijia Liu, et al. "Resting-state functional connectivity of neural circuits associated with primary and secondary rewards in patients with bipolar disorder." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 7 (2020): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa100.

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Abstract Objective We used resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) to evaluate the integrity of the neural circuits associated with primary and secondary rewards in bipolar disorder (BD) with different mood phases. Methods Sixty patients with BD [21 patients with depressive episode of BD (BDD) and 41 patients with maniac episode of BD (BDM)] and 42 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. rsFC was assessed using region of interest-wise analyses. Results Attenuation of rsFC at the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the left ventral striatum (LVS) wa

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27

Chen, Xin, Yuanchun Ma, Xiongjun Mou, et al. "Synergistic Effect of Several Neurotransmitters in PFC-NAc-VTA Neural Circuit for the Anti-Depression Effect of Shuganheweitang in a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model." Natural Product Communications 16, no. 3 (2021): 1934578X2110024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x211002415.

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Depression, a major worldwide mental disorder, leads to massive disability and can result in death. The PFC-NAc-VTA neuro circuit is related to emotional, neurovegetative, and cognitive functions, which emerge as a circuit-level framework for understanding reward deficits in depression. Neurotransmitters, which are widely distributed in different brain regions, are important detected targets for the evaluation of depression. Shuganheweitang (SGHWT) is a popular prescription in clinical therapy for depression. In order to investigate its possible pharmacodynamics and anti-depressive mechanism,

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28

Fischer, Adina S., Monica E. Ellwood-Lowe, Natalie L. Colich, Anna Cichocki, Tiffany C. Ho, and Ian H. Gotlib. "Reward-circuit biomarkers of risk and resilience in adolescent depression." Journal of Affective Disorders 246 (March 2019): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.104.

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29

Schiller, Crystal, Gabriel Dichter, Joshua Bizzell, et al. "Reproductive Hormones Regulate Affect and Reward Circuit Function in Women." Biological Psychiatry 87, no. 9 (2020): S217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.564.

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30

Trebaul, Lena, Victoria Ho, Kristen K. Ellard, Tracy Barbour, and Joan Camprodon. "Dissecting the Pathophysiological Circuit Substrates of Reward and Anhedonia Subdomains." Biological Psychiatry 87, no. 9 (2020): S275—S276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.711.

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31

Parker, Kyle E., Christian E. Pedersen, Adrian M. Gomez, et al. "A Paranigral VTA Nociceptin Circuit that Constrains Motivation for Reward." Cell 178, no. 3 (2019): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.034.

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32

Sweis, Brian M., Erin B. Larson, A. David Redish, and Mark J. Thomas. "Altering gain of the infralimbic-to-accumbens shell circuit alters economically dissociable decision-making algorithms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 27 (2018): E6347—E6355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803084115.

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The nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) is involved in reward valuation. Excitatory projections from infralimbic cortex (IL) to NAcSh undergo synaptic remodeling in rodent models of addiction and enable the extinction of disadvantageous behaviors. However, how the strength of synaptic transmission of the IL–NAcSh circuit affects decision-making information processing and reward valuation remains unknown, particularly because these processes can conflict within a given trial and particularly given recent data suggesting that decisions arise from separable information-processing algorithms. The appr

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Baker, Travis E., Natalie Castellanos-Ryan, Gunter Schumann, et al. "Modulation of orbitofrontal-striatal reward activity by dopaminergic functional polymorphisms contributes to a predisposition to alcohol misuse in early adolescence." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 5 (2018): 801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718001459.

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AbstractBackgroundAbnormalities in reward circuit function are considered a core feature of addiction. Yet, it is still largely unknown whether these abnormalities stem from chronic drug use, a genetic predisposition, or both.MethodsIn the present study, we investigated this issue using a large sample of adolescent children by applying structural equation modeling to examine the effects of several dopaminergic polymorphisms of the D1 and D2 receptor type on the reward function of the ventral striatum (VS) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC), and whether this relationship predicted the propensity

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Saji, Kanako, Yumiko Ikeda, Woochan Kim, et al. "Acute NK1 receptor antagonist administration affects reward incentive anticipation processing in healthy volunteers." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 7 (2013): 1461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145712001678.

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Abstract The primary brain structures of reward processing are mainly situated in the mid-brain dopamine system. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) receives dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area and works as a key brain region for the positive incentive value of rewards. Because neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor, the cognate receptor for substance P (SP), is highly expressed in the NAc, we hypothesized that the SP/NK1 receptor system might play a role in positive reward processing in the NAc in humans. Therefore, we conducted a functional MRI (fMRI) study to assess the effects of an NK1

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35

Shao, Lisha, Mathias Saver, Phuong Chung, et al. "Dissection of theDrosophilaneuropeptide F circuit using a high-throughput two-choice assay." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (2017): E8091—E8099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710552114.

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In their classic experiments, Olds and Milner showed that rats learn to lever press to receive an electric stimulus in specific brain regions. This led to the identification of mammalian reward centers. Our interest in defining the neuronal substrates of reward perception in the fruit flyDrosophila melanogasterprompted us to develop a simpler experimental approach wherein flies could implement behavior that induces self-stimulation of specific neurons in their brains. The high-throughput assay employs optogenetic activation of neurons when the fly occupies a specific area of a behavioral chamb

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36

Monk, Kevin J., Simon Allard, and Marshall G. Hussain Shuler. "Reward Timing and Its Expression by Inhibitory Interneurons in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 8 (2020): 4662–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa068.

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Abstract The primary sensory cortex has historically been studied as a low-level feature detector, but has more recently been implicated in many higher-level cognitive functions. For instance, after an animal learns that a light predicts water at a fixed delay, neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) can produce “reward timing activity” (i.e., spike modulation of various forms that relate the interval between the visual stimulus and expected reward). Local manipulations to V1 implicate it as a site of learning reward timing activity (as opposed to simply reporting timing information from ano

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37

Cooper, Donald C. "The significance of action potential bursting in the brain reward circuit." Neurochemistry International 41, no. 5 (2002): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00068-2.

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38

Layec, Sabrina, Eve Lapouble, David Val-Laillet, et al. "T1805 Chronic But Not Accute Gastric Distension Activates Brain Reward Circuit." Gastroenterology 136, no. 5 (2009): A—583—A—584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(09)62686-x.

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Yan, Na, Ning Chen, Honghua Zhu, et al. "High-Frequency Stimulation of Nucleus Accumbens Changes in Dopaminergic Reward Circuit." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): e79318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079318.

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Ferenczi, E. A., K. A. Zalocusky, C. Liston, et al. "Prefrontal cortical regulation of brainwide circuit dynamics and reward-related behavior." Science 351, no. 6268 (2015): aac9698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9698.

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41

McHenry, Jenna A., James M. Otis, Mark A. Rossi, et al. "Hormonal gain control of a medial preoptic area social reward circuit." Nature Neuroscience 20, no. 3 (2017): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4487.

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Ramaekers, J. G., E. A. Evers, E. L. Theunissen, K. P. C. Kuypers, A. Goulas, and P. Stiers. "Methylphenidate reduces functional connectivity of nucleus accumbens in brain reward circuit." Psychopharmacology 229, no. 2 (2013): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3105-x.

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Pessin, Sally, Carissa L. Philippi, Leah Reyna, Nathan Buggar, and Steven E. Bruce. "Influence of anhedonic symptom severity on reward circuit connectivity in PTSD." Behavioural Brain Research 407 (June 2021): 113258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113258.

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Becerra, L., E. Navratilova, F. Porreca, and D. Borsook. "Analogous responses in the nucleus accumbens and cingulate cortex to pain onset (aversion) and offset (relief) in rats and humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 5 (2013): 1221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00284.2013.

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In humans, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) appears to reflect affective and motivational aspects of pain. The responses of this reward-aversion circuit to relief of pain, however, have not been investigated in detail. Moreover, it is not clear whether brain processing of the affective qualities of pain in animals parallels the mechanisms observed in humans. In the present study, we analyzed fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity separately in response to an onset (aversion) and offset (rewar

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Dedic, Nina, and Jan M. Deussing. "Regulation des Angstverhaltens — zur Rolle neuronaler Netzwerke." BIOspektrum 25, no. 7 (2019): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-019-0226-8.

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AbstractThe corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system orchestrates the organism’s stress response including the regulation of adaptive be haviours. Here we describe a novel neuronal circuit, which acts anxiety suppressing and positively modulates dopamine release. This anxiolytic circuit comprises inhibitory CRH-expressing, long-range projection neurons within the extended amygdala. These neurons innervate the ventral tegmental area, a prominent brain reward center that expresses high levels of CRH receptor type 1.

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Rakhshan, Mohsen, Vivian Lee, Emily Chu, et al. "Influence of Expected Reward on Temporal Order Judgment." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 4 (2020): 674–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01516.

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Perceptual decision-making has been shown to be influenced by reward expected from alternative options or actions, but the underlying neural mechanisms are currently unknown. More specifically, it is debated whether reward effects are mediated through changes in sensory processing, later stages of decision-making, or both. To address this question, we conducted two experiments in which human participants made saccades to what they perceived to be either the first or second of two visually identical but asynchronously presented targets while we manipulated expected reward from correct and incor

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Mifune, Hiroharu, Yuji Tajiri, Yusuke Sakai, et al. "Voluntary exercise is motivated by ghrelin, possibly related to the central reward circuit." Journal of Endocrinology 244, no. 1 (2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-19-0213.

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We previously reported that voluntary exercise contributed to the amelioration of abnormal feeding behavior with a concomitant restoration of ghrelin production in a rat model of obesity, suggesting a possible relationship between exercise and appetite-regulating hormones. Ghrelin is known to be involved in the brain reward circuits via dopamine neurons related to motivational properties. We investigated the relevance of ghrelin as an initiator of voluntary exercise as well as feeding behavior. The plasma ghrelin concentration fluctuates throughout the day with its peak at the beginning of the

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48

van Dijk, N. M., and H. Korezlioglu. "Sensitivity analysis for Markov reward structures until entrance times." Journal of Applied Probability 37, no. 01 (2000): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200015242.

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This work presents an estimate of the error on a cumulative reward function until the entrance time of a continuous-time Markov chain into a set, when the infinitesimal generator of this chain is perturbed. The derivation of an error bound constitutes the first part of the paper while the second part deals with an application where the time until saturation is considered for a circuit switched network which starts from an empty state and which is also subject to possible failures.

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van Dijk, N. M., and H. Korezlioglu. "Sensitivity analysis for Markov reward structures until entrance times." Journal of Applied Probability 37, no. 1 (2000): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1014842267.

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This work presents an estimate of the error on a cumulative reward function until the entrance time of a continuous-time Markov chain into a set, when the infinitesimal generator of this chain is perturbed. The derivation of an error bound constitutes the first part of the paper while the second part deals with an application where the time until saturation is considered for a circuit switched network which starts from an empty state and which is also subject to possible failures.

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50

Hikida, Takatoshi, Makiko Morita, and Tom Macpherson. "Neural mechanisms of the nucleus accumbens circuit in reward and aversive learning." Neuroscience Research 108 (July 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2016.01.004.

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