Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rice milling

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Rice milling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Rice milling"

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Dhankhar, Poonam. "Rice Milling." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 5 (May 2014): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04543442.

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Aisah, Aisah. "ANALYSIS OF THE FUCTIONAL ROLE OF RICE MILLING COMPANY ON THE WELFARE OF RICE FARMERS IN THE SUB-DISTRICT BUAY MADANG TIMUR DISTRICT OKU TIMUR." Jurnal AKTUAL 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47232/aktual.v16i1.6.

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Rice Milling Company is rice industry’s oldest and largest classified in Indonesia, which is able to absorb more than 10 million workers, handles more than 40 million tons of grain. Rice Milling Company agro-industy is the central point, because this is where the main product is obtained in the form of rice and raw materials for advanced processing of food and industrial products. Rice Miling Unit in the district of OKU Timur there is some skala, ranging form small-scale, medium-scale to large-scale. Fuctional benefits of each different scale milling is also different. The average rice farmers often sell gabahnya to the rice milling unit closest to the place residence, whether it is large-scale, medium and small. Rice produced by the milling-grinding different quality. Usually when a large-scale millimg yield of rice is cleaner than the other scale. But it does not become a reference for milling grain milling usually depends on consumer demand. The purpose of the study are : 1. To determine levels of volume (tonnage) and the retention time of each service fuctional rice storage (barns) wich carried a different scale rice milling unit. 2. To determine differences in the bebefits of economic transactions received by farmers and rice millers of different scale of business, especially when seen from the level of the milling costs, the purchase price of rice by rice milling unit, and the quality of milling services and service scale. The result show that : the fuctional role of each is different milling. Large-scale milling has three fuctional roles are : Processing, storage and distribution. Medium-scale miling functional has two roles, namely : processing and distribution. While small-scale rice milling unit has only two functional roles are : processing and storage.
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MIZUNO, Hidenori. "Rice Milling Technology." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 117, no. 1144 (2014): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.117.1144_144.

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Mir, Shabir Ahmad, Sowriappan John Don Bosco, Manzoor Ahmad Shah, Mohammad Maqbool Mir, and Shaiq Ahmad Ganai. "Rice: Parboiling and Milling Properties." International Journal of Food Engineering 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2015-0204.

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Abstract Parboiling is a hydrothermal processing technique during rice has to pass through many stages which alter the physicochemical properties and nutritional profile of grain. Different parboiling techniques have been developed for preparation and industrialization of rice. During parboiling process, starch granules are gelatinized and retrograded as a result various changes occur in rice kernel, which affects its quality parameters. Parboiling has marked influence on organoleptic properties, improved the strength and nutritional profile of grain. Parboiling treatment principally brings the characteristic change in rice grain such as milling, cooking, storage and eating qualities. Milling is an important unit operation for removing the husk and bran from the rough rice. Milling significantly affects the cooking and nutritional properties of rice. The important parameters focussed during milling are the head rice yield and kernel hardness. Milling technology is therefore geared to obtain maximum outturn of milled rice and to reduce breakage.
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Z. Pan, K. S. P. Amaratunga, and J. F. Thompson. "Relationship Between Rice Sample Milling Conditions and Milling Quality." Transactions of the ASABE 50, no. 4 (2007): 1307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23607.

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Putri, Tursina Andita, Nunung Kusnadi, and Dwi Rachmina. "KINERJA USAHA PENGGILINGAN PADI, STUDI KASUS PADA TIGA USAHA PENGGILINGAN PADI DI CIANJUR, JAWA BARAT." Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jai.2013.1.2.143-154.

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<em>It is assumed that government policy to protect farmer’s income by maintaining a high grain price that leads to a high production cost of rice milling combine with a policy that keeping the rice at relatively low price to protect consumer, causes a low profit of rice milling business. To prove it, multiple case study was conducted to portray the performance of rice milling business by identifying and analyzing the cost and revenue structure of rice milling business. In this study, three types (maklon, non maklon, and combination of both) of rice milling business were selected. The biggest cost of rice milling business is the cost of purchasing grain, while the main revenue derived from rice. The rice milling business can still tolerate a 9.81 persent increase of the grain price. It is equal to the maximum price of grain Rp 4281,93 per kg GKP. While the decline in the price of rice that can still be tolerated is of 10.34 percent that’s referred to a minimum price of rice Rp 8120.00 per kg. The largest proportion of the rice milling business profit is not derived from rice as main product but from the by product such as rice bran, rice husk, broken rice, and groats. Type of businees, price of inputs and outputs, and by-product management would be the key variables that determine the business performance. These variables should be more studied in the future research.</em>
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Kim, Hoon, Dong-Chul Kim, Se-Eun Lee, and Oui-Woung Kim. "Milling Characteristics of Milled Rice According to Milling Ratio of Friction and Abrasive Milling." Journal of Biosystems Engineering 34, no. 6 (December 25, 2009): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5307/jbe.2009.34.6.439.

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Zhang, Hui, Yu-Jun Zhu, An-Dong Zhu, Ye-Yang Fan, Ting-Xu Huang, Jian-Fu Zhang, Hua-An Xie, and Jie-Yun Zhuang. "Identification and Verification of Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Milling Yield of Rice." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010075.

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Rice is generally consumed in the form of milled rice. The yield of total milled rice and head mill rice is affected by both the paddy rice yield and milling efficiency. In this study, three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations and one F4:5 population derived from a residual heterozygous (RH) plant were used to determine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting milling yield of rice. Seven traits were analyzed, including recovery of brown rice (BR), milled rice (MR) and head rice (HR); grain yield (GY); and the yield of brown rice (BRY), milled rice (MRY) and head rice (HRY). A total of 77 QTLs distributed on 35 regions was detected in the three RIL populations. Four regions, where qBR5, qBR7, qBR10, and qBR12 were located, were validated in the RH-derived F4:5 population. In the three RIL populations, all the 11 QTLs for GY detected were accompanied with QTLs for two or all the three milling yield traits. Not only the allele direction for milling yield traits was unchanged, but also the effects were consistent with GY. In the RH-derived F4:5 population, regions controlling GY also affected all three milling yield traits. Results indicated that variations of BRY and MRY were mainly ascribed to GY, but HRY was determined by both GY and HR. Results also showed that the regions covering GW5–Chalk5 and Wx loci had major effects on milling quality and milling yield of rice. These two regions, which have been known to affect multiple traits determining grain quality and yield of rice, provide good candidates for milled yield improvement.
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Chung, Bonhee, Fatimah Mohamed Arshad, Kusairi Mohd Noh, and Shaufique Fahmi Sidique. "Cost analysis of rice milling: a case study of 7 rice mills in Malaysia." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (November 14, 2016): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-05-2014-0019.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-run profitability of rice milling operation in Malaysia and see how sensitive it is to changes in paddy purchases, rice recovery ratio and paddy price. Design/methodology/approach Using a purposive sampling technique and semi-structured interviews, seven rice mills in Malaysia were selected to obtain data on operational details and business accounts. The paper provides a qualitative and descriptive account of the rice mill’s profitability by using cost curves, a simple linear regression and the Monte Carlo simulation. Findings The rice milling operation in Malaysia is profitable in the long run, provided that there is a market for by-products. Large private mills have lower average costs, helping them obtain higher profit margins. Public mills that receive a rice miller subsidy are more protected than small private mills that operate without the rice miller subsidy and under price controls. Changes in paddy purchases, paddy price and recovery ratio affect the profitability to varying degrees. Research limitations/implications Incomplete information provided by the interviewees. The analysis result is only a rough estimate. However, it may provide a useful insight into the Malaysian rice milling sector and its competitiveness. Originality/value There are few economic studies of the rice milling sector in Malaysia. However, it plays an important role along the rice supply chain. There is a need for better understanding of the industry in order to obtain economic sustainability and effective policies. This paper provides the gap by providing an insight into the long-run profitability of rice milling operation in Malaysia.
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Altheide, MC, RO Morawicki, and TJ Hager. "Impact of milling and water-to-rice ratio on cooked rice and wastewater properties." Food Science and Technology International 18, no. 3 (June 2012): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013211428001.

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Due to the environmental concerns and expense associated with the disposal of wastewater after industrial cooking of rice, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of leaching, water uptake and volumetric expansion of rice during cooking at various milling durations and water-to-rice ratios. Two cultivars of Arkansas rice, a long grain (Francis) and a medium grain (Jupiter), were milled for 10, 20, and 30 s with a laboratory mill. Samples were cooked in aluminum foil covered beakers at water-to-rice ratios of 10:1, 15:1, and 20:1. After 20 min, rice was weighed for water uptake and measured for volumetric expansion using hexane displacement. The excess cooking water was evaluated for total solids, amylose, and protein to determine the extent of leaching. Water uptake and volumetric expansion significantly increased with milling duration in both cultivars. Leached solids increased as the water-to-rice ratio increased in Francis and increased with milling duration in Jupiter; however, the amylose content of leached solids was unaffected by the water-to-rice ratio in both cultivars. Thus, shorter milling durations may limit the extent of leaching during cooking, as observed with Jupiter, while a lower water-to-rice ratio may reduce wastewater contamination for cultivars similar to Francis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rice milling"

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Baker, Alexander J. "A study of tribological processes during the milling of rice." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5956/.

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This thesis is concerned with the wear of machinery during the rice milling process. Two machines have been studied in detail (which combined constitute “milling”). Background literature has been studied and further added to such that machine improvements can be made relating to both capacity and component wear life. The first part of the work undertaken considers material properties of rice grains in their various forms and machine components with which contact is made. Dimension measurements and SEM imagery have highlighted the organic nature of rice grains as an abrasive, and observations of the change in properties from pre to post process made. Mass change, grain profiles, coefficient of friction, grain hardness and compressive strength have all been measured. Wear observations of husking and polishing components has revealed similarities with known wear mechanisms. Microscopy and profilometry have shown the areas which are susceptible to increased wear rates whilst measurement of scratch angles has illustrated the motion of grains through the polisher. Small scale testing has been a key part of the research due to the impractically high capacity of full scale machines. Husking tests have established that the shear stress required to achieve a given husked ratio is constant suggesting that a harder rubber with the same coefficient of friction as a softer rubber will husk more efficiently. Fast capture camera footage of husking experiments has shown that grains rotate between the rubber counterfaces before husking which effectively creates a region of high pressure at either end of the grain. It has also revealed that grains maintain their initial contact with the slow roller whilst sliding against the fast roller once husked. Probable mechanisms for this effect have been determined and experiments have been conducted showing that the uneven wear created by the effect could be minimised by axial vibration of the slow roller. Small scale polishing experiments have been used to reveal the locations of the highest wear (through paint test) which have a pattern consistent with an uneven fill by the grains entering the polishing chamber or a resonance of the screens caused by cage spacing. High wear was noted at inlet thought to be a result of rapid scattering of grains on entry from the feed screw. Pressure sensitive paper has been used to determine contact pressure profiles for various stages and conditions in the polishing chamber and laser vibrometry has been used to observe the effect of loading on machine vibration. Computer simulations have been developed to simulate grain flow and have shown good compatibility with the physical experiments. This leads to the potential to use such methods for future machine design. Finally, this thesis covers the potential for further work along with how the work is best suited for industrial implementation.
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Aboosadi, Masoud Arab. "Enzyme supplementation of rice bran based broiler diets." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265041.

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Rice bran arises as a by-product from rice milling industry. The anti-nutritional substances such as phytate, non-starch polysaccharides, protease inhibitor and lectin limit the nutritional value of this by-product. This research was directed toward the nutritional improvement of defatted rice bran (DRB) using feed enzymes to degrade these anti-nutritional factors. Three growth experiments and two tube feeding experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of phytase, carbohydrase and protease enzymes (supplied by Finnfeeds International) on broiler performance, mineral retention, nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity and bone characteristics of chicken fed defatted rice bran based broiler diets. Enzyme supplementation of diets was conducted to assess the effects of individual and a cocktail of enzymes and/or lactobacillus culture. The data showed that inclusion of DRB at more than 150 g/kg without additional inorganic phosphate reduced feed intake, growth, bone mineralisation and produced the symptoms of rickets in broiler chickens. Experimental phytase successfully released phosphorus from DRB which counteracted the symptoms of a phosphorus deficient rickets-producing diet and improved feed intake, growth and bone mineralisation. Data presented in this study indicate that inclusion of DRB in broiler diets did not produce viscous digesta in the gut and carbohydrase supplementation did not improve bird performance, nutrient digestibility and mineral retention. The digesta viscosity was not decreased by carbohydrase; therefore, the non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content of DRB did not play an important role in production of viscous digesta. Supplementation of DRB based broiler diets with protease improved dry matter (DM) and protein digestibility and P retention; therefore, the improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) was a result of better utilisation of nutrients. The data showed that there is a potential to decrease the phytate and lectin content of DRB broiler based diets by supplementing diets with phytase and protease.
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Anik, Alper. "Experimental Investigation Of Silicon Carbide Formation From High Energy Ball-milled Rice Husks Via Pyrolysis." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614952/index.pdf.

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In this thesis work, it was aimed to optimize the conditions to produce silicon carbide (SiC), from rice husks from Turkish Thrace Region, via pyrolysis. Rice husks, coked at 500oC, were high energy ball-milled prior to pyrolysis, in order to investigate the effects of ball-milling on pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time and morphology of the SiC produced. Samples of rice husks subjected to different ball milling conditions, were pyrolyzed at temperatures varying from 1500oC to 1600oC and for times varying from ½
hour to 2 hours. Results of experiments showed that, ball-milling reduced the pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time to some extent. It was also experimentally shown that ball-milling favored the formation of SiC particles rather than formation of SiC whisker.
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Evaldt, Daiane Calheiro. "Influência do uso de aditivos na moagem de cinzas de casca de arroz para sua adequação como co-produto." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4674.

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Banco Santander / Banespa
FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
De acordo com os novos paradigmas ambientais, a busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável é imprescindível para o prolongamento das reservas naturais e a redução da poluição. No intuito de minimizar os impactos ambientais negativos, cada vez mais se investe em pesquisas que englobam o uso eficiente de recursos naturais não renováveis. A agroindústria é um grande gerador de resíduos e devido a esse fato, está começando a perceber a importância de destiná-los corretamente. A cinza de casca de arroz (CCA), que é proveniente da queima da casca utilizada para a geração de energia, é um resíduo gerado em grandes quantidades e de baixa densidade, dificultando o gerenciamento, pois necessita de um grande espaço para o armazenamento e o descarte. Desta forma, a reciclagem destas cinzas torna-se uma excelente alternativa para minimizar o impacto ambiental provocado pelo seu descarte inadequado e reduzir os custos de disposição em aterros controlados. A CCA possui um grande teor de sílica em sua composição, podendo se tornar um co-produto para vários segmentos industriais como: construção civil, cerâmica, química, vidros e siderurgia. No intuito de incentivar a inserção desse resíduo como um co-produto de maior valor agregado, o trabalho visa contribuir para aumentar a eficiência da moagem da cinza da casca de arroz. Neste sentido, aditivos foram utilizados para facilitar a moagem para sua adequação como co-produto, considerando a qualidade do material obtido, o tempo e a economia do processo. Para a elaboração deste trabalho, a CCA foi moída sem e com uso de aditivo em 4 tempos diferentes (30min., 1h, 2h e 4h) e foram adicionados dois tipos de aditivos, um comercial e um resíduo do setor metal-mecânico. Estes aditivos foram adicionados em 3 concentrações diferentes: 0,03%, 0,045% e 0,06% para o comercial e 2%, 6% e 10% para o resíduo. Para avaliar o processo de moagem foram realizadas caracterizações química, física e estrutural de todas as amostras: CCA Bruta, CCA Segregada e as CCA moídas. A caracterização da CCA utilizada nesta dissertação mostrou um material mais adequado comparado a trabalhos anteriores confirmando a influência do aumento da eficiência energética da queima da casca na qualidade da CCA como coproduto. Com relação ao uso dos aditivos SIKA-GRIND 200 e pó de granalha, os resultados indicaram que estes não reduziram significativamente o diâmetro médio das partículas. Entretanto, o uso de aditivos para reduzir o tamanho de grão da CCA deve ser melhor estudado para qualificá-la como matéria prima na construção civil.
According to the new environmental paradigms, the pursuit of sustainable development is essential for the lengthening of natural reserves and reduction of pollution. In order to minimize negative environmental impacts, ever more investments are made in research about the efficient use of nonrenewable natural resources. Agribusiness is a major generator of waste and due to that fact, begins to realize the importance of proper disposal. Rice husk ash (RHA), which proceeds from the burning of the husk for energy generation, is generated in large quantities and low density, making it difficult to manage, as it requires a large space for storage and disposal. Thus, recycling this ash becomes an excellent alternative to minimize the environmental impact caused by its inappropriate disposal and reduce landfill disposal costs. RHA has a high content of silica in its composition, making its use possible as a by-product to several industries such as: construction, ceramics, chemical, glass and steel. To encourage the placement of this waste as a by-product with higher aggregated value, this study aims to contribute to increase the efficiency of rice husk ash milling. In this way, additives were used to facilitate the milling for its suitability as a by-product, considering the quality, time and process economy. To elaborate this study, the rice husk ash was ground with and without additives in four different times (30min., 1h, 2h and 4h) and two types of additives were used, a commercial additive and a solid waste from the metal-mechanic industry (cleaning cast parts dust). These additives were added in three different concentrations: 0.03, 0.045 and 0.06% for the commercial additive and 2, 6 and 10% for the dust. To evaluate the milling process, chemical, physical and structural characterizations were carried out for all samples: as received RHA, segregated RHA and grounded RHA. The characterization of RHA, used in this dissertation, showed a material more adequate, when compared to former works using RHA from the same source, confirming the influence of the energetic efficiency of the rice shell burning on the RHA quality as by-product. In relation to the additives SIKA-GRIND 200 and granalha dust, the results indicated that they did not influence significantly in the decreasing of medium diameter of RHA particles. However, the use of additives to reduce the size of the RHA grains must be better studied to qualify RHA as a raw material to civil construction.
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Tol, Gönül. "The Rise of Islamism Among Turkish Immigrants in Germany and the Netherlands." FIU Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/218.

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This study is a comparative study of the Turkish Islamist movement Milli Görüş (IGMG) in Germany and the Netherlands. It is a qualitative and a quantitative inquiry about the nature (whether it is moderate or radical) of the Milli Görüş movement in these two countries. The central research questions are: what is the reason for the rise of Islamism among Turks living in two different countries in Europe? What is the reason for the difference in the radicalization levels? Islamism refers to an ideology that turns traditional Islam into a sustained and systematic program that includes social, political, and economic affairs (Pipes 1998). The movements within the framework of Islamism range from moderate to radical. Based on the data collected during the field research conducted in Germany and the Netherlands between the years of 2004-2007, this study suggests that Islamism is a response to social marginalization which is defined as “an external social position, of isolation of the individual or groups, with a limited access to economical, political, educational and communicational resources of the community (Contained in the law adopted by the Romanian Parliament in 28 February 2002, www.hurriyetim.com, November 25, 2004). It is hypothesized that as the level of social marginalization increases, so does the level of radicalization.
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Hunter, D. Brian. "A chronicle of dependence : Cuba from the rise of sugar until the failure of the ten million ton Zafra of 1970." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0003/MQ39427.pdf.

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Koutňák, Michal. "Pozice Škoda Auto a.s. na světových trzích a její růstová strategie." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192499.

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The diploma thesis deals with a new growth strategy of the company Škoda Auto a.s., which aims to increase sales to over 1.5 mil. cars a year by the year 2018. This growth strategy is based on four pillars: sales over 1.5 million vehicles targeting on EU and RIC-markets, profitability and financial strength, strategic "spearhead" focused on price/value, practicality and spaciousness and eventually top employer with global talent pool. The goal is to analyze the whole growth strategy. The work is divided into three chapters. The introductory chapter focuses on an automotive history. The second chapter deals with the current situation of the automotive industry and the last part analyzes the particular pillars of the new growth strategy.
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Liu, Te-Long, and 劉德隆. "Study on the Best Milling Degree for Rice." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85373551879457681925.

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碩士
國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
100
Rice is the staple food of Taiwanese people. However, due to the lack of standard processing technology and standard rice tasting texture, domestic rice is not comparable with Japanese rice. While the consumption of locally grown rice is on the decrease, farmers are less willing to grow. Rice quality is mainly divided into three parts. First is the quality of grain raw material. Second is the quality of rice processing. Third is the quality of cooking process. According to related studies, the degree of polished rice is the key point of rice quality. At present, most rice processing factories use Milling Meter to determine the percentage of milled rice. But the figure doesn’t necessarily tell if the texture of rice is at its best without evidential analysis done by Rice Taste Analyzer. To overcome the technical bottleneck in texture and quality of domestic rice, both Milling Meter and Rice Taste Analyzer are utilized in the study to identify the best polished degree of domestic rice, including TN-11, TK-9 and TN-71. The result shows that the best polished degree of TN-11 is around 120 degree, a higher value; the best polished degree of TN-71 is around 118 degree, a medium value; and the best polished degree of TK-9 is between 114~116 degree, a lower value. Moreover, the tasting value of T-9 with best polished degree and proper water can reach 82 points, which is close to the average value of Japanese rice, 88 points. Finally, the study finds that different kinds of rice need different processing procedures. The study outcome benefits overall rice processing industry and improves the competitive advantage of domestic rice in the world. The operation of raw material can be perfectly controlled in the process of rice milling for future development if an automatic adjusting mechanics is equipped in the milling machine. Moreover, a milling meter for single rice is expected to be developed to improve the stability in processing and to reach the extreme performance of rice quality.
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CHEN, WEN-ZHI, and 陳文志. "Studies on the effects of rice milling methods on rice flours properties and development a new rice product." Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99658320580203385042.

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DAI, YI-FEN, and 戴宜汾. "Influence of milling methods on the in vitro digestibility of the rice flour and rice cake." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22398788145381849955.

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碩士
國立宜蘭大學
食品科學系碩士班
102
Rice has been a staple food in the world, which is consumed principally as a whole grain. The rice consumption in Taiwan is declining in decades since the diversity of diets and the western culture impact. There has been a considerable interest in the development of rice processed products to enhance the rice consumption. In application, rice is usually milled by different methods to the preparation of rice flour, thus the milling methods might affect the ultimate physicochemical properties of the rice flour and the qualities of related products. The objective of this research was to study the in vitro hydrolysis along with the digestibility of different rice species (indica: TCS10, CS22, TCN1, japonica: TC192, KH145, and glutinous: TCSnGl2, TCGlu70, TKGlu3) milled by three milling methods (dry milling, and wet milling followed by hot air drying at 45oC and/or freeze drying). In addition, the influence of adding difference percentage oil on the physical and physiological characteristics of indica rice cakes was selected as a case study of rice product. The results showed that the indica species of TCN1 appeared to have the highest resistance on enzymatic hydrolysis than the others, while the glutinous ones got the least resistance (best digestibility). The equilibrium concentration ( ) and kinetic parameter (k) of TCN1 were smaller than the others. This result turned to increase the resistant starch (RS) as well as to decrease the estimated glycemic index (eGI). For the different milling methods, wet-milled raw flour followed by hot air drying at 45oC performed the best enzymatic resistance to hydrolysis. In addition, gelatinized freeze-dried wet flour got a lower starch digestibility. For indica rice cakes, the height, specific volume and white index of TCN1 rice cake were significantly higher than those of TCS10 and CS22 cakes. As the addition level of butter increased the hardness of rice cakes increased simultaneously. According to the in vitro digestion study, rice cake with addition of 25% soybean oil and 75% butter showed the highest starch digestibility than the other rice cakes, and rice cake of whole soybean oil performed the least starch digestibility. In general, rice cakes were the foods of middle-to-low glycemic index.
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Books on the topic "Rice milling"

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Bhattacharya, K. R. Rice quality: A guide to rice properties and analysis. Cambridge: Woodhead Publ., 2011.

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Čhunlaphongsathō̜n, Sunai. Chīk nākāk sētthakit (rōngsī) chumchon. Krung Thēp: Samnakphim Sayām, 2007.

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Hathurusinghe, C. P. Paddy milling survey, 2006. Colombo: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, 2007.

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ʻAngwitthayāthō̜n, Chawalit. Kānlǣkplīan læ kānkhā khāo bō̜riwēn chumchon rō̜p Thalēsāp Songkhlā. Krung Thēp: Samnakngān Kō̜ngthun Sanapsanun Kānwičhai (Sō̜kō̜wō̜.), 2001.

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Wongyarā, Prānī. Khrok kradư̄ang læ watthanatham tam khāo. Krung Thēp Mahā Nakhō̜n: Rōngphim Thai Watthanā Phānit, 1995.

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Counce, Paul A. Post-heading irrigation management effects on rice grain yield and milling quality. Fayetteville, Ark: Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1993.

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Counce, Paul A. Post-heading irrigation management effects on rice grain yield and milling quality. Fayetteville, Ark: Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1993.

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Khāosaʻāt, Mingsan. Technological acquisition in the Thai rice milling and related capital goods industries. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1986.

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Wijesooriya, W. A. N. Structure, conduct, and performance of rice milling industry in Polonnaruwa and Hambantota districts of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, 2013.

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Ntamatungiro, S. Influence of uneven emergence of rice on grain yield, yield components and milling quality. Fayetteville, Ark: Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rice milling"

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Wadsworth, James I. "Milling." In Rice, 347–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3754-4_10.

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Bond, Norris. "CHAPTER 11: RICE MILLING." In RICE: Chemistry and Technology, 283–300. 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul, Minnesota 55121-2097, U.S.A.: American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/1891127349.011.

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Eyarkai Nambi, V., Annamalai Manickavasagan, and S. Shahir. "Rice Milling Technology to Produce Brown Rice." In Brown Rice, 3–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59011-0_1.

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Aung, Ye. "Food Losses in Rice Milling." In Crop Improvement, 287–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65079-1_13.

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Siebenmorgen, Terry J. "CHAPTER 12: IMPACT OF DRYING, STORAGE, AND MILLING ON RICE QUALITY AND FUNCTIONALITY." In RICE: Chemistry and Technology, 301–28. 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul, Minnesota 55121-2097, U.S.A.: American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/1891127349.012.

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Sohail Pervez, M., and K. S. Zakiuddin. "Literature Review on the Developments of Rice Milling Machines." In Explorations in the History and Heritage of Machines and Mechanisms, 89–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03538-9_8.

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Bala, Bilash Kanti, Fatimah Mohamed Arshad, and Kusairi Mohd Noh. "Modelling of Supply Chain of Rice Milling Systems in Bangladesh." In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 217–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2045-2_11.

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Butardo, Vito M., and Nese Sreenivasulu. "Improving Head Rice Yield and Milling Quality: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 1–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8914-0_1.

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Wan, Peng, and Changjiang Long. "An Inspection Method of Rice Milling Degree Based on Machine Vision and Gray-Gradient Co-occurrence Matrix." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IV, 195–202. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18333-1_23.

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Roddick, Jacqueline, Phillip O’Brien, and James Painter. "9. Costa Rica." In The Dance of the Millions, 191–215. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Latin America Bureau, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781909013124.009.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rice milling"

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"Optimization of parboiling conditions for rice milling." In 2016 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20162458696.

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Uyeh, Daniel Dooyum, Seung Min Woo, Jun Hee Kim, and Yushin Ha. "Milling quality of parboiled rice under various drying conditions." In 2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201700879.

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Auke G. Cnossen and Terry J. Siebenmorgen. "Effect of Tempering Temperature and Duration on Rice Milling Quality." In 2001 Sacramento, CA July 29-August 1,2001. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.4349.

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Wei-Tung Chen and Yan-Fu Kuo. "Measurement of Degree of Milling for Rice Using Hyperspectral Imaging." In 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131594988.

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Higa, Osamu, Ken Shimojima, Yoshikazu Higa, Ayumi Takemoto, Shigeru Itoh, Atsushi Yasuda, Hirofumi Iyama, and Toshiaki Watanabe. "Production of Rice Powder Milling Flour Device and Characterization by Numerical Simulation." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63588.

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Rice powder is of interest in Japan, because it can be processed into various foods. However, conventional methods of manufacturing rice-powder generate heat when crushing the rice. National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College (ONCT) has been developing a pressure vessel for producing rice powder using underwater shock waves. The merits of this process are the dry condition and the lack of heating, and a decrease in the manufacturing cost can be expected, using this method. A power supply for generating the shock waves, a pressure vessel for crushing and, a device for the transportation of the rice were developed. The amount of flour that could be milled by the first prototype device was approximately 450g per hour. Then, the pressure vessel was improved to increase the rate of milling. Toward achieving this target, the characteristics of rice processing using shock waves were evaluated. First, a shock wave crushed the rice, which was trapped in transparent acrylic blocks. At the same time, the transmitted shock wave was observed using a high speed camera. From the result of the observation, the speeds of the wave passing through the acrylic blocks and rice was calculated. A linear relationship between the shock wave velocity (Us) and particle velocity (Up) in a material has been empirically found. The propagation of a shock wave in the pressure vessel was calculated by computer simulation. Moreover, a cylindrical pressure vessel with an internal diameter of 150mm was developed. Silicone hoses are installed in the pressure vessel, and the rice passes through in the hoses. The shock wave is generated by the electrical collapse induced by supplying a high voltage to the gap between electrodes in the center of the vessel. The rice is milled into flour by these phenomena, and rice is continuously supplied to the pressure vessel by a classification device and the transport device. The amount of flour milled per hour was verified experimentally.
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Indrasari, Siti Dewi, Purwaningsih, and Kristamtini. "Physical, Milling, and Eating Quality of Local Rice from Yogyakarta Special Region." In 5th Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Public Health Conference (UPHEC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200311.011.

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Brandon C Grigg and Terry J Siebenmorgen. "Thickness Grading Impacts on Milling and Physicochemical Properties of Long-Grain Rice." In 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131592878.

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Shimojima, Ken, Yoshikazu Higa, Osamu Higa, Katsuya Higa, Ayumi Takemoto, and Shigeru Itoh. "Production and Evaluation of Pressure Vessel for Highly Effective Rice Powder Manufacturing Using Underwater Shock Wave." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97829.

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The rice-powder paid to attention in Japan, because rice-powder is able to process the various foods. But, conventional method of manufacturing rice-powder generates heat when crushing of rice. The pressure vessel for rice-powder using underwater shock wave at Okinawa National College of Technology has been developed. Merit of this crushing processing is dryness and non heating. The decrease of the manufacturing cost can be expected. The power supply to generate the pressure vessel and the shock wave for crushing and the transportation device of rice was developed. The amount of the milling flour of the first prototype device was 450[g/h]. Then, the pressure vessel is improved, the shock wave generation energy is improved, and the amount of the milling flour has been improved with 2kg per hour. In this report, the outline of the improved device is described. And, the factor that influences the milling flour is shown, and the evaluation method is described.
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Rustico C. Bautista, Terry J. Siebenmorgen, Scott C. Millsap, and Bee Kim Goh. "Evaluation of the IRRI Test Tube Mill for use in milling small samples of rice." In 2001 Sacramento, CA July 29-August 1,2001. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.4055.

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Rustico C Bautista and Terry J Siebenmorgen. "Rice individual kernel breaking force and hardness index distributions and the relationship to milling quality." In 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23512.

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Reports on the topic "Rice milling"

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Sturzenegger, Germán, Cecilia Vidal, and Sebastián Martínez. The Last Mile Challenge of Sewage Services in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by Anastasiya Yarygina. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002878.

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Access to piped sewage in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) cities has been on the rise in recent decades. Yet achieving high rates of end-user connection between dwellings and sewage pipelines remains a challenge for water and sanitation utilities. Governments throughout the region are investing millions in increasing access to sewage services but are failing in the last mile. When households do not connect to the sewage system, the full health and social benefits of sanitation investments fail to accrue, and utilities can face lost revenue and higher operating costs. Barriers to connect are diverse, including low willingness to pay for connection costs and/or the associated tariffs, liquidity and credit constrains to cover the cost of upgrades or repairs, information gaps on the benefits of connecting, behavioral obstacles, and collective action failures. In contexts of weak regulation and strong social pressure, utilities typically lack the ability to enforce connection through fines and legal action. This paper explores the scope of the connectivity problem, identifies potential connection barriers, and discusses policy solutions. A research agenda is proposed in support of evidence-based interventions that have the potential to achieve higher effective sanitation coverage more rapidly and cost-effectively in LAC. This research agenda must focus on: i) quantifying the scope of the problem; ii) understanding the barriers that trigger it; and iii) identifying the most cost-effective policy and market-based solutions.
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Yusgiantoro, Filda C., I. Dewa Made Raditya Margenta, Haryanto Haryanto, and Felicia Grace Utomo. Carbon Tax Implementation in the Energy Sector: A Comparative Study in G20 and ASEAN Member States (AMS). Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.003.

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1. This report shows that six G20 countries (Japan, South Africa, Argentina, France, Ireland, and Mexico) and one ASEAN Member States (Singapore) have implemented a carbon tax. 2. The energy sector is the primary GHG emissions contributor in most member states, except Indonesia. However, the energy sector in Indonesia will highly contribute to the national GHG emissions considering the rise of energy demand due to economic and population growth. 3. The effectiveness of carbon tax is specific to which sectors are taxed and which sectors are exempt to a country member. Specifically, a higher emissions price may not cover a large share of emissions in the country. The high carbon tax in France only covers 35% of total emissions in its jurisdiction. Meanwhile, Japan and Singapore’s low carbon tax covers 75% and 80% of total emissions in their jurisdiction, respectively. 4. The numbers of sectoral coverage by emissions price will impact the level of revenues generated from the carbon tax. France obtained the most significant carbon tax revenue for more than USD 9.6 billion. Meanwhile, Argentina generated less than USD 1 million, likely due to tax exemptions in natural gas commodities. 5. The contribution level of carbon tax revenue to the government’s total revenue varies for each country. France and Ireland’s carbon tax revenue contributes 0.71% and 0.53% of their total government revenue, respectively. Meanwhile, the rest of the countries’ carbon tax revenue contributed less than 0.3% each to their government revenue.
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Wright, Kirsten. Collecting Plant Phenology Data In Imperiled Oregon White Oak Ecosystems: Analysis and Recommendations for Metro. Portland State University, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.64.

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Highly imperiled Oregon white oak ecosystems are a regional conservation priority of numerous organizations, including Oregon Metro, a regional government serving over one million people in the Portland area. Previously dominant systems in the Pacific Northwest, upland prairie and oak woodlands are now experiencing significant threat, with only 2% remaining in the Willamette Valley in small fragments (Hulse et al. 2002). These fragments are of high conservation value because of the rich biodiversity they support, including rare and endemic species, such as Delphinium leucophaeum (Oregon Department of Agriculture, 2020). Since 2010, Metro scientists and volunteers have collected phenology data on approximately 140 species of forbs and graminoids in regional oak prairie and woodlands. Phenology is the study of life-stage events in plants and animals, such as budbreak and senescence in flowering plants, and widely acknowledged as a sensitive indicator of environmental change (Parmesan 2007). Indeed, shifts in plant phenology have been observed over the last few decades as a result of climate change (Parmesan 2006). In oak systems, these changes have profound implications for plant community composition and diversity, as well as trophic interactions and general ecosystem function (Willis 2008). While the original intent of Metro’s phenology data-collection was to track long-term phenology trends, limitations in data collection methods have made such analysis difficult. Rather, these data are currently used to inform seasonal management decisions on Metro properties, such as when to collect seed for propagation and when to spray herbicide to control invasive species. Metro is now interested in fine-tuning their data-collection methods to better capture long-term phenology trends to guide future conservation strategies. Addressing the regional and global conservation issues of our time will require unprecedented collaboration. Phenology data collected on Metro properties is not only an important asset for Metro’s conservation plan, but holds potential to support broader research on a larger scale. As a leader in urban conservation, Metro is poised to make a meaningful scientific contribution by sharing phenology data with regional and national organizations. Data-sharing will benefit the common goal of conservation and create avenues for collaboration with other scientists and conservation practitioners (Rosemartin 2013). In order to support Metro’s ongoing conservation efforts in Oregon white oak systems, I have implemented a three-part master’s project. Part one of the project examines Metro’s previously collected phenology data, providing descriptive statistics and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the methods by which the data were collected. Part two makes recommendations for improving future phenology data-collection methods, and includes recommendations for datasharing with regional and national organizations. Part three is a collection of scientific vouchers documenting key plant species in varying phases of phenology for Metro’s teaching herbarium. The purpose of these vouchers is to provide a visual tool for Metro staff and volunteers who rely on plant identification to carry out aspects of their job in plant conservation. Each component of this project addresses specific aspects of Metro’s conservation program, from day-to-day management concerns to long-term scientific inquiry.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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Drought Effects on Forests and Rangelands in the US Caribbean. USDA Caribbean Climate Hub, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.6960280.ch.

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Issues of water quality and scarcity are of great concern across the U.S. Caribbean. In recent years Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have experienced uncommonly dry weather that has caused moderate to severe droughts. In 2014-2015, severe drought in Puerto Rico required the implementation of water restrictions that affected millions of people. The summer of 2015 was the third driest period in Puerto Rico since 1898, forcing the strictest water rationing in its history. Emerging climate models for the region (Figure 1) predict an overall decrease in precipitation over the next century, but also to greater variance in seasonality and an increase in intense precipitation events. The temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall can have profound effects on the hydrology as well as the phenology and life-cycle of trees, rangeland species, pests and pollinators. Changing rainfall patterns will mean major adjustments in how working lands are managed by producers and planners.
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Salvaging Wood from Fallen Trees after Hurricanes Irma and Maria. USDA Caribbean Climate Hub, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6943414.ch.

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The USDA Caribbean Climate Hub and the State and Private Forestry Program of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry of the US Forest Service, held a workshop on November 21, 2017 where more than 80 people gathered to identify the opportunities and resources necessary to take advantage of the wood from fallen trees in Puerto Rico after hurricanes Irma and Maria. Due to the economic and cultural value of tropical timber species, economic activities can be created from the available posthurricane plant waste. Millions of fallen trees and branches can be processed to produce compost, mulch, coal and biofuels, or raw material for artisans and construction. There is also economic value in the handling of wood materials, the sale of tools and equipment for transporting and processing, and the sale of valuable wood products. In addition, many wood products store carbon indefinitely, mitigating the increase of CO² in the atmosphere. The main need identified during the discussion was the need to act quickly to avoid the burning and disposal of wood materials in landfills across the country.
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