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Books on the topic 'Schizophrenia – Risk factors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Häfner, Heinz, ed. Risk and Protective Factors in Schizophrenia. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57516-7.

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2

Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2010.

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3

Risk and protective factors in schizophrenia: Towards a conceptual model of the disease process. Darmstadt, Germnany: Steinkopff, 2002.

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4

McGorry, Patrick D., Alison Yung, and Lisa Phillips. Treating Schizophrenia in the Prodromal Phase. Informa Healthcare, 2004.

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5

Early Clinical Intervention and Prevention in Schizophrenia. Humana Press, 2003.

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6

PhD, Stone William S., Faraone Stephen V, and Tsuang Ming T. 1931-, eds. Early clinical intervention and prevention in schizophrenia. Totowa, N,J: Humana Press, 2004.

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7

Early clinical intervention and prevention in schizophrenia. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003.

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8

Brar, Jaspreet S. Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0003.

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Epidemiology can help us understand who is at risk for developing a disorder, what may happen to them, and perhaps even why people get the disorder to begin with. In this chapter, we will review the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, as well as factors affecting such rates. Risk factors for psychosis include socio-demographics (e.g., gender, age, migrant status, class), predisposing factors (e.g., season of birth, perinatal trauma), and precipitating factors (e.g., substance use, psychosocial stress). We will highlight controversial issues such as trauma

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9

A, Miller Gregory, ed. The behavioral high-risk paradigm in psychopathology. New York: Springer, 1995.

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10

Wolfram an der Heiden (Assistant), Franz Resch (Assistant), Johannes Schröder (Assistant), and Heinz Häfner (Editor), eds. Risk and protective factors in schizophrenia: Towards a conceptual model of the disease process. Steinkopff-Verlag Darmstadt, 2003.

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11

E, Rolf Jon, and Garmezy Norman, eds. Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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12

(Editor), Rick E. Ingram, and Joseph M. Price (Editor), eds. Vulnerability to Psychopathology: Risk across the Lifespan. The Guilford Press, 2000.

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13

E, Ingram Rick, and Price Joseph M, eds. Vulnerability to psychopathology risk across the lifespan. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2010.

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14

Brunelle, Sarah, Ipsit V. Vahia, and Dilip V. Jeste. Late-onset schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0046.

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Although schizophrenia with onset in middle or late-life is a relatively uncommon, a considerable proportion of patients do experience the first manifestations of the disease after the age of forty. The current nomenclature utilizes terminology based on age at onset: late-onset schizophrenia (LOS) for illness with onset between ages 40 and 60, and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis (VLOSLP) for onset after age 60. Recent evidence suggests more similarities than differences in epidemiology, etiology or risk factors and clinical presentation between these clinical entities, although a

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15

Wittorf, Andreas. Neuropsychologische Defizite Als Vulnerabilitaetsindikatoren Fuer Schizophrenien: Eine Neuropsychologische Laengsschnittstudie an Schizophrenen Patienten, Gesunden Angehoerigen Ersten Grades und Kontrollen. Lang AG International Academic Publishers, Peter, 2002.

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16

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. The metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0003.

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The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of risk factors including increased waist circumference, high blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose and triglycerides in conjunction with low levels of high-density lipoprotein. MS is associated with an elevated risk of adverse cardiovascular and other events. The general population rate of MS is increasing, but people with schizophrenia have markedly elevated rates compared to people without a mental illness. Reasons for this excess are complex, but certain antipsychotic agents can exacerbate risk and due care needs to be taken in prescrib

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17

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Reasons for excess medical morbidity in schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0002.

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This chapter asks why it is that people with schizophrenia are at such high risk for so many physical health maladies. The answers are complex and multidimensional, encompassing shared aetiological factors, schizophrenia-related factors, personal issues, and system issues. Research into these causes and their associations with each other is advancing and is able to inform appropriate therapeutic interventions. At an individual patient level, it is important for clinicians to appreciate how these factors can interact with each other in increasing risk, so that person-specific factors can be add

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18

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Physical Health and Schizophrenia (Oxford Psychiatry Library). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.001.0001.

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The association between mental health and physical health forms the core of this book. While it is recognized that serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia carry a reduced life expectancy, it is often assumed that suicide is the main cause of this disparity. But in actuality, suicide accounts for no more than a third of the early mortality associated with schizophrenia: the vast majority is due to cardiovascular factors. This book seeks to put this stark fact in context, detailing the extent of cardiovascular risk, sharing information regarding reasons for this excess, and outlining appr

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19

Lally, John, and James H. MacCabe. Epidemiology, impact, and predictors of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0004.

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Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is a disabling psychotic disorder that affects approximately 30% of those diagnosed with schizophrenia. In a significant proportion (about 70%) of patients with TRS, their illness is treatment-resistant from onset (early or primary treatment resistance), whilst, in the remainder, treatment resistance develops during the course of illness (late or secondary treatment resistance). TRS is associated with reduced quality of life and increased social and economic burden. Multiple sociodemographic, clinical, and biological risk factors have been assessed in re

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20

Erlich, Matthew D., Thomas E. Smith, Ewald Horwath, and Francine Cournos. Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0004.

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Patients with schizophrenia experience three categories of symptoms: positive (delusions and hallucinations); negative (blunting of affective expression, loss of volition, and apathy); and disorganized (as reflected by a formal thought disorder). A diagnosis of schizophrenia requires that continuous signs of illness, which may include prodromal and residual symptoms, be present for at least 6 months. Research indicates that schizophrenia is likely a neurodevelopmental illness with clear heritable risk factors. Patients with schizophrenia tend to have an illness onset by young adulthood and a g

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21

Ingram, Rick, and Joseph Price. Vulnerability to Psychopathology: Risk across the Lifespan. The Guilford Press, 2002.

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22

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Interventions for metabolic problems in people with schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0008.

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To address the risk factors associated with early death in people with schizophrenia, a comprehensive framework is required. This is required to address individuals, systems, and the community. A number of specific frameworks are available to provide better physical health treatments for people with schizophrenia. The most effective of these embrace elements of self-management and self-efficacy. The engagement of patients, carers, and clinicians requires concerted work and effective communication. Peer workers can play a particular role. Various medications can also be used to address specific

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23

Prasad, Konasale M. Course, Prognosis, and Outcomes of Schizophrenia and Related Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0004.

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Course and outcome in schizophrenia and related disorders historically depend on diagnostic conceptualizations, with significant variability even across individuals with the exact same diagnosis. In this chapter, we will review the heterogeneity of course and outcome, providing some context in terms of factors that affect prognosis. Generally speaking, current outcomes are better than previously thought, with three-quarters of individuals having a good prognosis. Although these illnesses cannot be cured, we know that recovery is possible. The best predictors of outcome in schizophrenia are cog

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24

Sun, Amanda, and Vinod H. Srihari. QTc-Interval Abnormalities and Psychotropic Drug Therapy in Psychiatric Patients. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0037.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on schizophrenia and the impact of demographic factors and psychotropic medications on markers of risk for cardiac events. Is QTc prolongation associated with specific psychotropic medications, the dose, or other factors? What is the correlation between other QT or T-wave abnormalities and these factors? Starting with these questions, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The ch

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25

Brennand, Kristen. Application of Stem Cells to Understanding Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0005.

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While much has been learned through clinical post-mortem and neuroimaging studies of patients and animal models of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), these classical approaches have yet to fully elucidate the interaction of complex genetic risk factors on disease predisposition. The derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from patients with psychiatric disorders permits the study of the full complement of risk variants (known and unknown) that underlie disease predisposition, precisely in the cell types relevant to disease. The fol

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26

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Smoking and schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0005.

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Rates of cigarette smoking are extremely high among people with schizophrenia. Reasons include social affiliation factors, negative symptom amelioration, and cognitive enhancement. It is crucial that people with schizophrenia are provided with information about the risks associated with smoking and given the opportunity to engage in smoking cessation programmes. Medications such as nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline can be used effectively and safely, but extra vigilance for neuropsychiatric side effects is required. There is potentially a role for electronic cigarettes i

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27

Gelernter, Joel. Complex Trait Genetics and Population Genetics in Psychiatry. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.016.

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Nearly all behavioral traits, ranging from personality traits such as neuroticism to schizophrenia and autism, are genetically influenced. With only minor exceptions, all are genetically complex—meaning that inheritance is not simply dominant or recessive or sex-linked, but follows more complex patterns indicative of more complex mechanisms. Most risk variants identified to date have only small effects on risk, and, in most cases, many risk variants at many risk loci interact with environmental factors to produce the phenotype. Such complexity has led to great challenges in increasing our know

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28

Levinson, Douglas F., and Walter E. Nichols. Genetics of Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0024.

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and heterogeneous complex trait. Twin heritability is 35%–40%, perhaps higher in severe/recurrent cases. Adverse life events (particularly during childhood) increase risk. Current evidence suggests some overlap in genetic factors among MDD, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are now proving successful. Polygenic effects of common SNPs are substantial. Findings implicate genes with effects on synaptic development and function, including two obesity-associated genes (NEGR1 and OLFM4), but not previous “can

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29

Thompson, Alexander, Daniel Williams, Oliver Freudenreich, Andrew Angelino, and Glenn Treisman. Psychotic Disorders and Serious Mental Illness. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0019.

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The major public health problem that is HIV/AIDS in persons with a serious mental illness is aptly described a “syndemic.” Having HIV/AIDS puts one at much greater risk for developing a serious mental illness. Conversely, having a serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, is associated with many factors that place one at greater risk for contracting and transmitting HIV. And, in both cases of serious mental illness and HIV/AIDS, each disorder creates many new challenges in the management of the other disorder. This chapt

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30

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Other physical health problems in people with schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0004.

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While cardiovascular risk remains the most important factor in early death among people with schizophrenia, a host of other physical health maladies are also found in excess in this group of individuals. These include pulmonary problems, poor bone health with associated risk of fractures, sexual health problems, infectious diseases, and poor oral health. Certain cancers are seen in excess in people with schizophrenia, but what is perhaps more of a shameful indictment of our health systems is that if they develop cancer, they are less likely to be effectively treated than people without a menta

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31

Rothberg, Brian, and Robert E. Feinstein. Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0012.

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All psychiatric assessments should include screening for recent suicidal ideation and past suicide behavior. The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) provides a reliable objective assessment of suicide risk. A history of past suicide attempts is a risk factor for future suicide, and risk is increased by more serious, more frequent, or more recent attempts. Over 90% of individuals who die by suicide have at least one psychiatric disorder. Patients with schizophrenia, alcohol and other substance use disorders, and borderline and antisocial personality disorders are at increased risk f

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32

Schaffner, Kenneth F., and Kathryn Tabb. Varieties of social constructionism and the problem of progress in psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0011.

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Chapter 11 discusses how the debates over the relationship between social factors and progress in psychiatry have been muddied by confusion over how the term “social construction” has been, and should be, used. It covers how one option is to move away from the language of social construction, like many in the literature have done since the 1990s. But this move risks obscuring the continued importance of attending to the role of the social in psychiatric progress. This chapter aims to clarify the different positions taken by social constructionists about psychiatric disorders and to advocate fo

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33

Chess, Andrew, and Schahram Akbarian. The Human Brain and its Epigenomes. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0003.

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Conventional psychopharmacology elicits an insufficient therapeutic response in more than one half of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, or related disorders. This underscores the need to further explore the neurobiology and molecular pathology of mental disorders in order to develop novel treatment strategies of higher efficacy. One promising avenue of research is epigenetics.Deeper understanding of genome organization and function in normal and diseased human brain will require comprehensive charting of neuronal and glial epigenomes. This includes D

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34

Lal, Mira, and Roch Cantwell. Preconceptual to postpartum mental health: mental illness and psychosomatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 examines the advancing field of mental health and psychosomatic disease from preconception to the postpartum period. The reader is reminded of the normal adaptation of different organ systems to pregnancy. This adaptation affects both physical and emotional functioning, and is further modified by the pregnant woman's social circumstances. The transition to the pathological or diseased condition may follow an exaggeration of the physiological alterations or could occur due to health conditions specific to pregnancy. This may result in manifestations due to mind-body interactions that

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