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Academic literature on the topic 'Size of raindrops'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Size of raindrops"

MA, CHANG-JIN, MIKIO KASAHARA, and SUSUMU TOHNO. "APPLICATION OF PIXE TO CHARACTERIZATION OF SIZE-SEGREGATED SINGLE RAINDROPS." International Journal of PIXE 12, no. 01n02 (2002): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083502000032.

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The study of single raindrops is expected to give new and great information such as drop formation processes and pollutant scavenging mechanisms. To investigate the characteristics of individual raindrops, PIXE method was applied to elemental analysis. Size-segregated individual raindrops were collected at Kyoto University during rain event in October 2001. Detection limit of each element for polycarbonate filter used as the substrate of raindrops was calculated. The significant peaks of several elements in single raindrop corresponding to the channel number of PIXE could be resolved. Chlorine

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Kim, Hyeon-Joon, Woonseon Jung, Sung-Ho Suh, Dong-In Lee, and Cheol-Hwan You. "The Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution at Windward and Leeward Side over Mountain Area." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (2022): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102419.

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To analyze the difference in the microphysical development characteristics of orographic rainfall, several Parsivel disdrometers were installed along the windward and leeward slope of a mountain. There were differences in the raindrop size distribution according to the difference in height and distance from the center of the mountain. In low-altitude coastal areas and adjacent areas, the number concentration of raindrops smaller than 1 mm was relatively lower than in mountainous areas, and the rain rate increased with the growth in the size of the raindrops. On the other hand, a higher rain ra

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Shen, Zhenzhou, Wenyi Yao, Peiqing Xiao, and Xueqin Yang. "Analysis of day rainfall characteristics of Zhengzhou." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801031.

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Raindrop characteristics, including speed and size of raindrops, in Zhengzhou city of Yellow River basin were analyzed through a natural rainfall on the loess slope. Results showed that the process of natural rainfall belonged to a parabola and counts, size and terminal velocity would increase with the rainfall intensity rising. Besides, the size and terminal velocity of natural raindrops were relatively scattered; In the process of individual rainfall, the terminal velocity and its peak value were mainly focused between 0.8~5m/s and 1m/s, respectively. Size of raindrops were mainly consisted

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Abdollahi, Zahra, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, and Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan. "Detailed procedure for outdoor measurement of raindrop size distribution using photogrammetry." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 69, no. 2 (2021): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2021-0007.

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Abstract Kinetic energy and corresponding erosive force of rainfall are strongly influenced by raindrop. The present paper aims to explore the raindrop size variation during rainfall events with different intensities in northern Iran by applying the processes of camera-taken photographs. Five rainfall intensities of 1 to 10 mm h–1 that occur frequently in the study area were analyzed. A camera with a very short exposure time was used to record the distribution of raindrops size. The raindrops diameters of the rain events ranged from <0.2 to 5.1 mm while the majority of them were between 1 a

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Kang, Zhaoping, Zhimin Zhou, Yinglian Guo, Yuting Sun, and Lin Liu. "An Investigation of the Characteristics of the Mei–Yu Raindrop Size Distribution and the Limitations of Numerical Microphysical Parameterization." Remote Sensing 17, no. 14 (2025): 2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142459.

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This study examines a Mei-Yu rainfall event using rain gauges (RG) and OTT Parsivel disdrometers to observe precipitation characteristics and raindrop size distributions (RSD), with comparisons made against Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. Results show that Parsivel-derived rain rates (RR) are slightly underestimated relative to RG measurements. Both observations and simulations identify 1–3 mm raindrops as the dominant precipitation contributors, though the model overestimates small and large drop contributions. At low RR, decreased small-drop and increased large-drop

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Ging, Samuel Law Lik, Kuok King Kuok, Chiu Po Chan, Md Rezaur Rahman, Muhamad Khusairy Bin Bakri, and Chin Mei Yun. "PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYZING RAINDROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 5 (2022): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.5.30.

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Rainfall erosivity and rainfall kinetic energy are predominantly affected by the rainfall droplet size distribution characteristics. This study aims to determine the raindrop size distribution with different rainfall intensities in East Malaysia using photographic method and MATLAB image processing tools. A total of five natural rainfall intensities of different ranges were analyzed: 5.51 mm hr-1, 14.20 mm hr-1, 28.80 mm hr-1, 32.41 mm hr-1 and 58.11 mm hr-1. A digital camera with fast capturing mode was used to capture falling raindrops and the droplets were then processed in MATLAB to determ

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KELKAR, V. N. "Size distribution of Raindrops -Part I." MAUSAM 10, no. 2 (2021): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v10i2.4040.

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Results of measurements of the size distribution of raindrops made at Poona during the months of August, September and October 1956, are reported in the form of a table showing the number of drops received at the ground level per m2 per sec for various ranges of diameter at 0.25 nterval, for different inten sities of precipitation ranging from 0 to 40 mm hr-l. Average values have been calculated and presented in the form of a similar table. Histograms showing the number, volume of liquid water, momentum and kinetic energy of raindrops per m2 per sec, against the raindrop diameters are given fo

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Gatlin, Patrick N., Merhala Thurai, V. N. Bringi, et al. "Searching for Large Raindrops: A Global Summary of Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometer Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 5 (2015): 1069–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0089.1.

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AbstractA dataset containing 9637 h of two-dimensional video disdrometer observations consisting of more than 240 million raindrops measured at diverse climatological locations was compiled to help characterize underlying drop size distribution (DSD) assumptions that are essential to make precise retrievals of rainfall using remote sensing platforms. This study concentrates on the tail of the DSD, which largely impacts rainfall retrieval algorithms that utilize radar reflectivity. The maximum raindrop diameter was a median factor of 1.8 larger than the mass-weighted mean diameter and increased

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Friedrich, Katja, Evan A. Kalina, Forrest J. Masters, and Carlos R. Lopez. "Drop-Size Distributions in Thunderstorms Measured by Optical Disdrometers during VORTEX2." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 4 (2013): 1182–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00116.1.

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Abstract When studying the influence of microphysics on the near-surface buoyancy tendency in convective thunderstorms, in situ measurements of microphysics near the surface are essential and those are currently not provided by most weather radars. In this study, the deployment of mobile microphysical probes in convective thunderstorms during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) is examined. Microphysical probes consist of an optical Ott Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer that measures particle size and fall velocity distributions

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Seifert, Axel. "On the Parameterization of Evaporation of Raindrops as Simulated by a One-Dimensional Rainshaft Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 11 (2008): 3608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2586.1.

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Abstract The process of evaporation of raindrops below cloud base is investigated by numerical simulations using a one-dimensional rainshaft model with bin microphysics. The simulations reveal a high variability of the shape of the raindrop size distributions, which has important implications for the efficiency of evaporation below cloud base. A new parameterization of the shape of the raindrop size distribution as a function of the mean volume diameter is suggested and applied in a two-moment microphysical scheme. In addition, the effect of evaporation on the number concentration of raindrops

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Size of raindrops"

Kersey, Rachel Elaina. "THE SIZE OF A RAINDROP." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/english_etds/79.

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The size of a raindrop is a middle-grade novel about a dandelion named Sterling and a little girl named Arianna who has a kidney disease which modern medicine and contemporary medical practices are failing to cure. The story examines a variety of political themes rising to the surface in our world today—race, gender, discrimination, colonialism and imperialism, genocide, healthcare, and more. It also explores existentialism through questions of life, purpose, and worth—questions which, ultimately are the real questions behind the political skirmishes of our time.

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Campos, Ortega Edwin F. "Measurements of raindrop size distributions by three different sensors." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/MQ44138.pdf.

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Campos, Edwin F. "Measurements of raindrop size distributions by three different sensors." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20810.

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Intercomparison among three sensors for ground-based measurement of DSD's are presented, the Joss-Waldvogel Distrometer (JWD), the Optical Spectro-Pluviometer (OSP), and the Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS). This is done in order to quantifying any systematic bias that can be identified in their measurements, and to evaluate a new data acquisition system developed for the JWD.<br>Data corresponding to stratiform, continental rain is analyzed, and a function (delta) is defined in order to provide a quantification of the relative differences between pairs of instruments. Significant

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Kozu, Toshiaki. "Estimation of Raindrop Size Distribution from Spaceborne Radar Measurement." Kyoto University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/198777.

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D'ADDERIO, Leo Pio. "Raindrop Size Distribution variability from high resolution disdrometer networks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389001.

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The characteristics of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) have been widely studied since Marshall and Palmer (1948) introduced specific version of exponential distribution for the observed size spectra, based on measurements of raindrops records on dyed filter papers. Across the decades, interest in measuring and studying rain DSD has grown due to applications in cloud physics studies, in calibration of space-borne and ground-based microwave active precipitation sensors and in soil science and agriculture. The study of DSD and of the processes that determine it, are always been challen

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Montanari, C. P. "The raindrop size distribution and applications to scattering and extinction." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339584.

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Pilon, Mark J. (Mark Joseph). "A numerical and observational study of bimodal surface raindrop size distributions /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66028.

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Fang, Fang. "RAINDROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION RETRIEVAL AND EVALUATION USING AN S-BAND RADAR PROFILER." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4498.

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Vertical pointing Doppler radar profilers are used to explore the vertical structure of precipitation cloud systems and to provide validation information for use in weather research. In this thesis, a theoretical radar rain-backscatter model was developed to simulate profiler Doppler spectra as a function of assumed rain parameters, of which the raindrop size distribution (DSD) is the fundamental quantity used to describe the characteristics of rain. Also, profiler observations during stratiform rain are analyzed to retrieve the corresponding rain DSD's. In particular, a gamma distribution mod

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Townsend, Adrian J. "A study of the raindrop size distribution and its effect on microwave attenuation." Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538139.

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Current frequency allocations below Ku- band are becoming increasingly congested. The problem continues to grow as the use of telecommunications becomes more pop- ular. In order to compensate for increased in demand, telecommunication operating frequencies have to be raised, yielding larger channel capacity. However, raising the operating frequency has the adverse result of intensifying the attenuation effects of the troposphere. At high frequencies, such as V-band, rain is known to cause the most severe attenuation. It has been shown that model data for numerical weather prediction, combined

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Baheru, Thomas. "Development of Test-Based Wind-Driven Rain Intrusion Model for Hurricane-Induced Building Interior and Contents Damage." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1127.

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Major portion of hurricane-induced economic loss originates from damages to building structures. The damages on building structures are typically grouped into three main categories: exterior, interior, and contents damage. Although the latter two types of damages, in most cases, cause more than 50% of the total loss, little has been done to investigate the physical damage process and unveil the interdependence of interior damage parameters. Building interior and contents damages are mainly due to wind-driven rain (WDR) intrusion through building envelope defects, breaches, and other functional

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Books on the topic "Size of raindrops"

Montanari, C. P. The raindrop size distribution and applications to scattering and extinction. University of Portsmouth, Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1997.

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Hu, Zailiang. A numerical study of the evolution of raindrop size distribution by coalescence, breakup, and evaporation. 1993.

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Lloyd, Engelbert. Notebook: Raindrops Wide Ruled , Journal for Writing, Size 6 X 9 , 110 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.

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Notebook, Raindropsng, and Raindropsng Notebook. Notebook: Raindrops on the Iris after Rain in the Garden , Journal for Writing, College Ruled Size 6 X 9 , 110 Pages. Independently Published, 2019.

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WeeklyDiabetsRecord, Twanda. For Type 1 Diabetics: Diabetes Log Gold Raindrops Design 116 Page Matte Cover Design White Paper Sheet Size 6x9 INCH ~ Enough - Floral # Hypertension Standard Print. Independently Published, 2020.

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Bullet Journal Raindrops: 162 Numbered Pages with 150 Dot Grid Pages, 6 Index Pages and 2 Key Pages in Easy to Carry 5. 5 X 8. 5 Size. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.

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Folch, Albert. How the World Flows. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197772850.001.0001.

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Abstract This book acts like a microscope that pulls the reader into the barely noticeable, Lilliputian world of fluids at small scales—the microfluidic world. It answers the question “What is microfluidics?” in nontechnical language. Microfluidics is the field of science that studies fluids constrained to spaces that are smaller than 1 millimeter wide and, by extension, the engineering field which builds devices that exploit the unique properties of fluids at these scales. Just like microelectronic circuits are too small to see and are hidden under the screens of smartphones or televisions, m

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Nissen, Robert P. Effects of air pressure on raindrop size distributions: Modelling and field data verification. 1996.

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Edupublishing, Allegra. Graph Composition Notebook : Grid Paper Notebook : Large Size 8. 5x11 Inches, 110 Pages. Notebook Journal: Whie Black Raindrop Workbook for Preschoolers Students Teens Adults for School College Work Writing Notes. Lulu Press, Inc., 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Size of raindrops"

McFarquhar, Greg M. "Raindrop size distribution and evolution." In Geophysical Monograph Series. American Geophysical Union, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gm000971.

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Wong, Chin-Hong, Joanne Neoh, Zuraini Dahari, and Asrulnizam Abd Manaf. "An Investigation of Raindrop Size in Raindrop Energy Harvesting Application via Photography and Image Processing Approach." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-42-2_45.

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Denby, Bruce, Peter Golé, and Jerôme Tarniewicz. "TDNN Approach to Measuring Raindrop Sizes and Velocities." In ICANN 98. Springer London, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1599-1_38.

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De, Arijit, Arpita Adhikari, and Animesh Maitra. "Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution Over a Tropical Location, Kolkata." In Computers and Devices for Communication. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8366-7_22.

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Lin, Pay-Liam, Balaji Kumar Seela, and Jayalakshmi Janapati. "Raindrop Size Distributions of Indo-Pacific Tropical Cyclones and Their Hydro-Meteorological Implications." In Severe Storms. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7075-5_8.

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Du, Yukun, Zheng Run, and Runsheng Ge. "Deconvolution Algorithm in the Retrieval of Raindrop Size Distribution from a VHF Profiling Radar." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34528-9_91.

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Liu, Xiaoying, Songhua Wu, Guangyao Dai, Pei Chen, Rongzhong Li, and Jiaping Yin. "Observation of Rainfall Velocity and Raindrop Size Using Power Spectrum of Coherent Doppler Lidar." In Proceedings of the 30th International Laser Radar Conference. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37818-8_55.

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Pebralia, Jesi, and Iful Amri. "A Low-Cost and Practical Method for Determining Raindrop Size from Spray Nozzle by Using a Mobile Phone Camera." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0308-3_37.

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Mamulashvili, George, and Aleksandre Gurgenidze. "Rain Tower." In Business, Management and Economics. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112937.

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The rain tower is a prestressed, cable-stayed structure of hyperbolic shape with a steel core, (carbon) cables, and a cheap awning covering. An aero-thermal power plant is built into the tower, supplying electricity to the control system for the processes of condensation, coagulation, and vortex formation. Distinctive features are a supersaturated hot steam generator, a cloud droplet condenser, a spiral solar collector that allows to significantly reduce the required height of the structure due to an ascending vortex, a coagulation control system and matching the generated vortex with an undis

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Ma, Chang-Jin, and Gong-Unn Kang. "The Chemical Nature of Individual Size-Resolved Raindrops and Their Residual Particles Collected During High Atmospheric Loading for PM2.5." In Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84227.

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Conference papers on the topic "Size of raindrops"

Li, Haiying, Leke Lin, Jing Chen, et al. "Study on Rain Attenuation Based on Different Raindrop Size Distributions." In 2024 14th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/isape62431.2024.10840519.

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Yang, Jiaxin, Zhenwei Zhao, Qinglin Zhu, Jie Han, Qiang Zhang, and Shuhan Li. "The Impact of Raindrop Size Distributions on the Propagation Characteristics and Differential Parameters of X-Band Polarimetric Weather Radar." In 2024 14th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/isape62431.2024.10840453.

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Desvignes, Michel, and Gilles Molinie. "Raindrops size from video and image processing." In 2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2012.6467116.

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Desvignes, Michel, and Gilles Molinie. "Raindrops size and shape from videosonde and image processing." In 2012 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isie.2012.6237253.

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Li, Jianbing, V. Chandrasekar, and Xuesong Wang. "Determination of Dominant-Scattering Raindrops' Size Using Dual-Polarization Radar Observations." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Computational Electromagnetics (ICCEM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compem.2018.8496506.

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Зверьков, М. С., та Т. А. Гурова. "МЕТОДЫ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ РАЗМЕРОВ ДОЖДЕВЫХ КАПЕЛЬ". У МАТЕРИАЛЫ II Всероссийской научной конференции с международным участием «ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ СРЕДСТВ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ЗОНДИРОВАНИЯ ЗЕМЛИ В СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ» Санкт-Петербург, 26–28 сентября 2018 г. Crossref, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25695/agrophysica.2018.2.18888.

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В статье рассматриваются методы и средства измерения размеров дождевых капель. Предложена краткая классификация основных групп методов и средств измерения диаметров капель. Данные материалы могут быть полезны при разработке и подборе способов определения характеристик искусственных осадков, создаваемых дождевальными машинами. The article considers the methods and means for measuring the raindrops size. The concise classification of the main groups of methods and means for measuring the drops diameters is proposed. These materials can be used by specialist for the development and selection of m

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Brandt, R. K., and Robert Greenler. "Color Simulation of the Size-dependent Features of Rainbows." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1997.lmb.2.

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We frequently see reports of rainbows that don't appear to display the "usual" sequence of colors. Bows are reported with some colors missing and others are described with certain colors enhanced in brightness. We understand some of these reports qualitatively. For example, the red rainbow results from atmospheric scattering that selectively removes the blue end of the spectrum from the sunlight incident on the raindrops. The usual explanation for other reported variations is that the appearance of the bow depends somehow on the droplet size. This is a kind of shoulder-shrugging explanation th

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Kuthe, Nikesh, Suhail Ahmad, Puneet Mahajan, and Leon Mishnaevsky. "Computational Modelling of Repetitive Raindrop Impact and Resulting Fatigue Damage in Wind Turbine Blades." In ASME 2024 43rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2024-129798.

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Abstract Computational modelling of repetitive raindrop impact and predicting the ensuing damage in the coating and substrate due to fatigue is an essential step in determining the life of the wind turbine blade. The blade is multi-layered with a viscoelastic coating layer, a viscoelastic putty layer, and an elastic composite substrate with an interface between the layers. The damage usually takes the form of erosion of the coating and debonding at the various interfaces between the layers of the wind turbine blade. The modelling of impact and damage involves several steps beginning with gener

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Pao, Wing Yi, Long Li, Martin Agelin-Chaab, et al. "Driving in the Rain: Evaluating How Surface Material Properties Affect LiDAR Perception in Autonomous Driving." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8016.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a promising type of sensor for autonomous driving that utilizes laser technology to provide perceptions and accurate distance measurements of obstacles in the vehicle path. In recent years, there has also been a rise in the implementation of LiDARs in modern and autonomous vehicles to aid self-driving features. However, navigating adverse weather remains one of the biggest challenges in achieving Level 5 full autonomy due to sensor soiling, leading to performance degradation that ca

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Sekine, Matsuo, Toshimitsu Musha, and Chii-Dong Chen. "Rain Attenuation from Weibull Raindrop-Size Distribution." In 18th European Microwave Conference, 1988. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euma.1988.333850.

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