Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tarif douanier'
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Hackenberg, Martin. "Die Verpachtung von Zöllen und Steuern : ein Rechtsgeschäft territorialer Finanzverwaltung im Alten Reich, dargestellt am Beispiel des Kurfürstentums Köln /." Frankfurt : Klostermann, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388222427.
Full textNolte, Burkhard. "Merkantilismus und Staatsräson in Preußen : Absicht, Praxis und Wirkung der Zollpolitik Friedrichs II. in Schlesien und in westfälischen Provinzen (1740-1786) /." Marburg : Herder-Institut, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39910646b.
Full textMenouali, Fathallah El. "Le dédouanement des marchandises au Maroc : à la lumière des dernières modifications du code des douanes." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP0975.
Full textLaborde-Debucquet, David. "Mesures et détermination endogène des droits de douane." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU2010.
Full textSylla, Hamadaou-Hamet. "Théorie de l'échange international : une problématique post-sraffaïenne." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100173.
Full textBikoumou, Bienvenu. "Le tarif douanier preferentiel des conventions de lome et les produits relevant de la politique agricole commune." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA111010.
Full textIn view of the agricultural exchanges failure, we wonder what the responsability of the acp and the cee is in this situation : the community offers a preferential customs tariff, which remains symbolic, because it has overpreserved interests of its owns agriculturals ; more the community reduces the consideration of that offer, as to the other countries, the competitives of the acp, the same advantages are awarded. Concerning that last, it has ones agricultural politics unsuited to the trade with the community
Dhont-Peltrault, Estelle. "Détermination endogène et mesure de la protection commerciale : la prise en compte des relations intersectorielles." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU2004.
Full textOrliac, Thomas. "The economics of trade facilitation." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/7o52iohb7k6srk09n8lgk48g7.
Full textThis dissertation explores the narrow dimensions of trade facilitation and their impact on trade. In the first part, I describe the various ways to measure trade facilitation. I explore the traditional indicators of trade facilitation as well as some specific surveys. I indicate several limitations of these commonly used indicators. I also review the role of international arrangements linked to trade facilitation which are rarely taken into account in related studies. Then, I build a composite indicator of trade facilitation which covers various narrow dimensions. It follows the WTO negotiations framework and draws on ninety nine variables. I show that several disparities remain across OECD countries and that information availability, advance rulings and formalities have an important impact on trade. In the second part, I review various trade facilitation dimensions across the World and particularly the European Union. It reveals several disparities and indicates the need to expand the TFIs to a wider set of countries. The European case study suggests that potential gains remain even in developed countries who share -similar- regulations. It underlines not only some implementation issues but also a path to follow to improve trade facilitation policies. Finally, I provide several insights on the methodology of EU trade facilitation performance
Ouatmane, Mustapha. "Essai d'analyse sectorielle des poltiques de libéralisation commerciale : le cas du Maroc." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0007.
Full textMorocco makes a strategic choice of its engagement in the process of trade liberalization and opening on outside. This choice is carrying important opportunities as regards economic and social development and reinforcement of the attractivity of the own territory for the foreign direct investments. It should then allow a true dynamics of specialization as well as a real insertion of Morocco in the world. This strategy also put out important challenges with the Moroccan company in terms of competitiveness and positioning on the domestic markets and outside. In order to create a favourable environment with the development of its trade with third countries, Morocco signed several agreements and conventions with various countries, at bilateral, regional or multilateral levels. It is thus important to analyze the conditions for optimizing this profit through the exploration of the potentialities borders of the national economy growth, but also through the sectoral reorganizations induced by the competition and the territorial redeployment of the activities. Which impacts could have on the Moroccan economy these various agreements of liberalization and opening? Which capacity has Morocco to overcome the constraints weighing on the production offer? What quality of its participation in the world trade system can Morocco offer? The objective of this thesis is thus to develop a framework of evaluation of the effects of trade liberalization on Moroccan firms. The reform of the public policies implying total and targeted measurements, the impact of the trade liberalization must be evaluated according to the various sectors of the Moroccan economy. The methodological framework developed in the thesis is applied to the analysis of the sectoral impact of the policies trade liberalization in Morocco, by using the Computable General Equilibrium Model. Trade liberalization involves a whole reallocation of the resources towards the sectors for which Morocco has comparative advantages. The impact of this liberalization is negative for the production of certain industries of goods manufactured like the industry of extraction and metallurgical industry. On the other hand, the impact is positive on the other sectors of goods manufactured such as the chemical industry, the mechanical engineering industry, the industry of the textile and the leather, in which Morocco accentuates successfully its specialization
Vincent, Michel. "Impacts de l'extension de la protection des indications géographiques dans l'Union européenne et en Amérique du Nord." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0032.
Full textThis thesis examines the issues regarding the debate at the WTO on extension of the protection for geographical indications, i. E. Market access and generic products, for European Union producers and producers and consumers from other WTO members, such as the United States and Canada. Results show that tariff and non tariff barriers have more impacts on market access than usurpation of names and use of generic products. Besides, bilateral agreements could be more efficient than the WTO for the protection of geographical indications. Regarding consumers, it is more difficult to clearly estimate the benefits that they would get from the extension of the protection of geographical indications other than wines and spirits. However, the analysis of the North American retail prices market for cheeses and hams with geographical indications, imported from France and Italy, show that these prices are high compared with export prices, retail prices of comparable local products and also compared with retail prices of the same products sold in the EU. These price gaps between the EU and North America are partly explained by costs of transportation between these two regions and tariff barriers. These high retail prices could facilitate the distinction by the consumer between imported products with geographical indication from the EU and local products or products coming from other origins
Olatoundé, Kayodé Daniel Julius. "Comparaison des tarifs Ad Valorem et spécifique dans un contexte d'aversion aux pertes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24548.
Full textSorriaux, Jonathan. "Le système de préférences généralisées de l'Union Européenne : le droit douanier facteur de développement." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0043/document.
Full textUnder the GSP program, the European Union provides customs tariff reduction to developing countries in order to help them improve their development. Goods of least developed countries (LDC) and vulnerable countries which respect a list of human rights, fundamental labour rights, good governance and the environment norms enjoy a duty free access to the EU market. The GSP utilisation's interest (the benefit ?) is the heart of this study wich include two parts. The first concern the economic developement, the second the social and political developement. In the first title, the economic developement promotion framework is the topic of the first sub-title. It tries to explain how EU favorises some countries (LDC) and protects some sectors of it economy (textile and agriculture). Furthermore, this subtitle seek to know what economical advantages EU can have with the GSP and if this instrument has been efficient in it aim to reduce the poverty in developing countries. While it will have been explain that the GSP's impact in the poverty reduction is not important the second subtitle explain the reasons of this fail. The first reasons are extern of the system. While the MFN notion is challenged with the bilateral trade agreement multiplication, consequently, preferential margin notion is questioned too. So, this notion have to be rethinked. Their relevance must be discuted because without a high MFN level, the GSP can't work. Furthermore, the non tariff measure and service importance must be taken into account in the GSP (a tariff instrument) evaluation. Regarding intern obstacle, rules of origine problem has a central role. More generally, the simplification (and so cost reduction) of the GSP is treated in order to know how the system can be more efficient. In the second title, the first subtitle concern the fundamental rights promotion framework (historical, normative, geogragraphical and methodical framework). The GSP+ and the processal aspect are also treaten in this subtitle. The second subtitle is dedicated to the fundamental rights application advantages in the UE GSP. So, the fundamental rights application by developing countries is positive for the EU economy whether or not their protectionnist aspect. Regarding developing countries, if a fundamental rights application is benefit, it can also be a burden. There are few GSP withdrawal request in case of fundemental rights violation, especialy by trade union and NGO. The last chapter tries to explain this fact
Tidjani, Serpos Abdelaziz. "Specific Tariff versus Ad valorem Tariff : choice of a Policy Instrument In Agricultural Trade Negotiations." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29818/29818.pdf.
Full textThe conversion of specific tariff into its ad valorem equivalent is one of the key issues for current World Trade Organization (WTO) discussions. An important question this thesis addresses is whether we are able to anticipate and understand the choice between specific and ad valorem tariffs by a country in trade negotiations. We use a two-stage model to find the solutions for trade negotiations between two countries. In the first stage, countries choose between specific and ad valorem tariffs. In the second stage, they negotiate over tariff rates. The model includes two countries and two goods, Cobb Douglas utility functions and endowments as production functions as in Kennan and Riezman (1988). To find the negotiation solutions, we use the Nash bargaining solution (Nash, 1950). This thesis is the first to investigate the choice of policy instrument in trade negotiations. We find that a large country is indifferent between specific and ad valorem tariffs when negotiating with a small country. We also find that a small country prefers ad valorem tariff. Finally, when two countries are equal in size, the negotiation equilibrium is free trade.
Giacometti, Jean-Dominique. "La question de l'autonomie de l'Indochine et les milieux coloniaux français (1915-1928) : l'Indochine, entre colonie et dominion." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX10041.
Full textFrench indochine always occupied a specific place in the french colonial empire, because of her geographic situation, far from france and include in a very consequent environment, her active, and reactive, population, her comercial links, involved for 75% with asia. After world war one, changes occured in this factors. One of the most important were the invention of the "pacific". Albert sarraut, french gouveneur general used to call indochina the balconet of france open to the pacific. French colonials sets had at this time an important choice : or to turn the colony in a re-enforced imperial autarky, but was it possible to developp benefits, strangling the real indochina's economics links. Either to enlarge local autonomy, with the danger of emancipation. Albert sarraut choose the second way, foretelling a return to independance for colony in two generations space, in front of the french parliament in 1921. The way to autonomy go trougth two majors economics tools, the indochinese curency and the custom tariff. Supporters of autarky promoted a complete unification for both currency and tariff for indochina on metropolis. They unified french textile industries, the ministere du commerce and l'union coloniale. They faced the local administration who organised a federation, with local intersts, ministere des colonies, and french liberals, including the marseille interests, pushing for autonomy and local gestion to open pacific nations markets. This last obtained a quiet large autonomy, near to establish a gold-currency in 1928, and promulgating a specific tariff for indochina in 1929
Zaki, Chahir. "Essais sur la facilitation des échanges." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010037.
Full textMilgram, Baleix Juliette. "Régionalisme versus multilatéralisme : le cas du Maghreb." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010046.
Full textKouwoaye, Amèvi Rocard. "Essays on trade policies and poverty in developing countries." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40339.
Full textThis thesis investigates theoretically and empirically the effects of trade policies and trade integration on poverty in developing countries. More specifically, we are interested in the effects of GATT/WTO membership on poverty and the effects of trade tax reforms on poverty in developing countries. In the first chapter, we develop a Heckscher-Ohlin framework featuring an urban-rural segmentation, with region-specific and product-specific factors and goods to explain the role of comparative advantage in how GATT/WTO accession impacts on poverty. We rely on matching econometrics to identify the effects of GATT/WTO membership on poverty using a sample of 125 countries over the 1980-2012 period. Our results show that the GATT/WTO membership decreased poverty in member countries that are net exporters of agricultural products and more specifically of labor-intensive agricultural exports. In contrast, GATT/WTO accession increased poverty in developing countries that are net importers of agricultural products. In the second chapter, we we develop a Heckscher-Ohlin model with a regional segmentation and country-specific productivity shifters to show that the incidence of GATT/WTO adhesion generally depends on productivity and endowment differences and hence on the level of poverty prior to adhesion. This justifies an empirical model featuring a quantile regression approach. This approach allows us to test that the effects of GATT/WTO on poverty vary across countries belonging to different poverty quantiles. Our results reveal that GATT/WTO membership increases significantly poverty across the entire conditional poverty distribution. Countries with high initial poverty rates suffer higher poverty increases than countries with lower poverty rates. Finally, in the third chapter, we assess trade-tax reforms induced by the reduction in trade taxes that typically accompany participation in multilateral and regional trade agreements in terms of their effects on poverty in developing countries. We model the trade tax reforms poverty nexus as heterogeneous across countries with cross-sectionally dependent errors usinga sample of 91 developing countries over 1980-2016 period. We find that a shift from taxeson international trade towards domestic taxes under revenue-neutrality reduces poverty in the countries that have consolidated on average over time their comparative advantage in agriculture while it increases poverty in countries that moved from being net exporters to net importers of agricultural products.
Idir, Nisrine. "Que peut-on attendre de la liberalisation des échanges agricoles entre le Maroc et l'Union européenne ?" Paris 13, 2012. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/ederasme_th_2012_idir.pdf.
Full textGnimpieba, Tonnang Edouard. "DROIT MATERIEL ET INTEGRATION SOUS REGIONALE EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE : CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DU DROIT COMMUNAUTAIRE DE LA COMMUNAUTE ECONOMIQUE ET MONETAIRE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (CEMAC)." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441405.
Full textArabov, Oumar. "La valeur en douane en débat." Paris 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA020089.
Full textMkimer-Bengeloune, Laïla. "Modélisation des barrières non tarifaires et leur impact sur les échanges internationaux : une application aux pays méditerranéens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUL2004.
Full textThe doctrine of free trade has promoted the creation of a multilateral framework in 1947 with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and then with the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. Multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT and the WTO have resulted in a considerable reduction of tariffs worldwide. However, before the gradual reduction of tariffs, a strong increase in non-tariff barriers (NTBs) appeared.Indeed, the expansion of international trade and the expansion of multilateral trade rules to new areas previously protected, such as agriculture, services and intellectual property have led many countries to make more intensive use of non-tariff barriers, a way to overcome the " free-market " rule.These non-tariff barriers thus complement or replace tariffs and may reduce or cancel the value of tariff bindings. In addition, NTBs are twice as restrictive tariffs and imply a much more limited market access than tariffs. In addition, NTBs can take different forms, they do not have the same degree of restrictiveness and do not apply the same method. They vary across countries and products, and correspond to different objectives.This thesis aims to quantify non-tariff barriers and to assess their degree of restrictiveness on imports of Southern Mediterranean countries (MED) from the European Union (EU) in the framework of the Euro- Mediterranean integration. This research introduces two econometric models: the first model is an equation of "imports". It assesses the magnitude of non-tariff barriers applied by MED countries to the EU and other partners through the calculation of ad valorem tariff equivalents. The second model is a gravity equation. It considers the role of NTBs and trade costs in the EU -MED trade to achieve a more detailed analysis of the impact of NTBs and other barriers to trade, such as tariffs, transport costs, logistics performance as well as cultural proximity and institutional factors on the Euro- Mediterranean trade
Barry, Mamoudou. "Politiques fiscales et douanières en matière d'investissements étrangers en Afrique francophone : le cas du secteur des ressources naturelles extractives." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR060.
Full textSince the early 1980s, French-speaking African countries, producers of raw materials, have largely opened their extractive sector to foreign investments. This openness has adopted several strategies among which taxation and customs have occupied a special place. Our work focused on the latter. Indeed, the stakes of these states have always been the reconciliation of the attractiveness of the sector and its profitability. Initially, our reflection focused on the strategies for setting up favorable tax and customs systems and, secondly, on the good governance of these systems. Our research shows that, first, while tax and customs strategies have been successful in attracting foreign investments, the question of profitability is still mixed, for many reasons that we have analyzed. This is where we made suggestions for improvement. In the second, it appears that the conditions of good governance tax and customs arrangements put in place are not sufficiently met by Francophone African, hence the need reunite past and improve prevention and resolution techniques disputes
Boukinda, Ange-Simplice. "L' Europe, la France et l'accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce de 1960 à 1967." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010549.
Full textCoste, Jean-Louis. "Le GATT et le règlement des différends." Lyon 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO33003.
Full textDelacotte, Béatrice. "Le contentieux industriel entre la communauté européenne et les Etats-Unis." Rennes 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REN11030.
Full textThe relations between the united states and the european community are marked by an atlantic and economic solidarity. However, this interdependance does not exclude the possibility of industrial disputes in the traditional sectors and high technology. The domestic policy pursued by both partners is responsible for these bilateral conflicts. TTe commercial decisions made in these areas can indeed be put down to the excessive power of pressure groups, in particular the producers, which have an indirect influence on government policy. Various attempts have been made at resolwing the disputes under the auspices of G. A. T. T. Nonetheless, the results have not always lived up to the aspirations. Deficiencies in the system are responsible for this; equally to blame the negative attitude of both partners, disinclined to delegate power. These disputes can only be resolved once the domestic policy is modified and the authority of G. A. T. T. Increased
Zakané, Vincent. "Relations commerciales internationales et contraintes écologiques." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR30014.
Full textIn recent years, the environment has become a major concern for all the states and for the international community. Rules and regulations are made in all the countries to assure its protection. On the international level, there is an emergence of a certain number of normes constituting some sort of a world ecological order. However, the relations between the environment and international trade are at the centre of a doctrinal and legal controversy: does the rapid and continuous development of world trade not curry the risk of having negative effects on the environment of several countries and, in the end, on the world environment? Conversely, are the national measures of protection not likely to disturb international trade? Beyond these simple problems brought up, the introduction of environmental norms in international law is likely to create legal conflicts with the rules of international trade. A fundamental contradiction between legal policies of environmental protection, which are interventionniest in nature, and legal policies of international trade, which are rather liberal, thus manifests itself. With international law providing us rules to deal with this, only economic and ecological international organizations are capable of providing select solutions. But, are these institutions capable of resolving the conflicts between the imperatives of environment and the requirements of international law which are likely to result?
Zhang, Li. "La Chine et le G. A. T. T." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010291.
Full textThe thesis is about "China and the G. A. T. T. ", dedicated to a legal analysis of relationships between china and international commercial organization. The work is divided to two pats. Part one, the chinese economic system end it's foreign trade relations are introduced. The obstacles that block China to rejoin the G. A. T. T. Are then analyzed. Part two is looking for a legality for the resumption of China's g. A. T. T. Membership. The article has analyzed, at first, the procedure problems, involved then the issues of substance associated with some existing proposals of positive and negative solutions as a reult, a new balanced interest solution is proposed regarding china and other members of the G. A. T. T. As well as future erlationship betteween mainland china and Hong-Kong, Macao, Taiwan within the G. A. T. T
Gouaux, Denis. "Restrictions volontaires aux exportations : l'apport de l'économie politique du protectionnisme." Pau, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PAUU2005.
Full textPeltier, Stéphanie. "Commerce international et protection : le cas des programmes télévisuels." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010021.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose a theoritical perspective on the international trade of television programs. Our ambition is two fold. The first part aims to establish a typology of the determinants of international specialization. This typology allows to reproduce the two main empirical facts which follows: a one-way trade from united states to western europe and a two-way trade between european countries. In the light of various theoritical fields, standard international trade, new international economics, transaction cost theory and new industrial economics, we higlight the necessary combination of several sources of trade advantages. The second part deals with the questions of the legitimacy and the efficiency of protectionnism in television programs. We show that, if consumers' preferences are heterogeneous, il exists some possibilities for free trade to be suboptimal. Hence, such a policy may fail to ensure that the demand for domestic programs will be fullfield. However, regarding the alleged inferiority of quantitative restrictions, its turns out that the european audiovisual policy of television quotas, wich limits the imports of foreign programs, has to be questioned. Actually, such a policy is unable to achieve its main goal: to guarantee the viability of a European television programs industry
Mehdi, Racem. "Analyse économique des négociations tarifaires internationales menées sous l'égide du GATT/OMC." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010068.
Full textBlin, Olivier. "La Communauté européenne, le GATT et l'Organisation mondiale du Commerce (OMC) : contribution à l'étude des rapports institutionnels entre la Communauté européenne et les organisations internationales." Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10037.
Full textThe institutional relationship between the European community, the GATT and the world trade organization (WTO), is twofold revealing of the relations established by the European community with the international organizations. At first, it institutes a characteristic case thanks to the close connection induced by the law origins of these organizations. As a matter of fact, right from its creation, and all along the community's development, the general agreement on tariffs and trade's prescriptions such as the ones of the Uruguay round agreements provided it with a reference frame for the elaboration of its external commercial policy. Besides, as it is in charge of its member states powers concerning the commercial and tariff fields, the community was considered as linked by the general agreement and was, consequently, substituted to them into the GATT. Therefore, concerning its internal legal order, the European community doesn't recognize a complete extent to the GATT's and the WTO's dispositions. The institutional relationship also represents a convincing case of the relations with the international organizations, because of the intensive communitarian participation to the GATT, and in a second time to the WTO. This later revealed particularly positive, not only along the multilateral commercial negotiations, but also inside the dispute settlement system. The community asserted itself within these organizations, and is today the only regional group to take profit of a membership as a whole within the WTO
Ferchichi, Mehdi. "L'Uruguay Round et le règlement des différends commerciaux interétatiques." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010297.
Full textThe disputes settlement system established in the 1947 GATT agreement has permitted, since its creation, to resolve many commercial disputes. However, its application appeared not enough judicial to be binding upon the contracting parties and many deficiencies allowed the parties to the dispute to paralyze the procedure at different levels. Uruguay round's negotiations have remedied to these weaknesses in establishing in the dispute settlement understanding a more legalistic, automatic and binding system, which will with the creation of appellate body bring respect towards the rule of law in commercial international relations. This new system will work in a genuine international organization : the WTO, in which the members, specially the more important ones, officially engaged themselves to respect the dispute settlement body's decisions and to favour multilateralism in world commercial exchange at the beginning of the 21st century
Eldakamawi, Mohamed. "La libéralisation des services financiers dans le cadre de l'Organisation modiale du commerce." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010266.
Full textGeourjon, Anne-Marie. "Essai sur la mesure de la politique de protection et de son efficacité dans les pays en développement : examen particulier du cas des pays de la zone franc." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989CLF10083.
Full textCortembert, Sandrine. "Les subventions étatiques, le droit du commerce international et le droit communautaire." Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE0019.
Full textBa, Adiouma. "Les mesures concernant les investissements liées au commerce (MIC) : recherches sur le nouvel ordre commercial international issu du cycle d'Uruguay." Toulouse 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU10001.
Full textAw, Cheikh Ahmadou Tidjane. "La Mauritanie et la réglementation du commerce international depuis la signature des accords de Marrakech." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP1065.
Full textShortly after its independance, Mauritania, following the example of other countries, developed commercial relations, both bilateral and multilateral to provide its economic needs. Having experienced a sole party political system during the 60’s, Mauritania under pressure from donor countries engaged in the process of adopting democraty with the introduction of a constitution in july 20, 1991 and multi-party elections occured sonn after. Horwever these elections had little effect on the political development of the country. A military coup d’état caused a period of instability which paralyzed the country and discouraged external investment. Indeed its international image in commercial terms was the same as other less advanced countries and it became a victim of the multilateral commercial system wich caused the structural weakness of its economy. The formation of the World Trade Organisation on the 1 st january 1995 was hailed as a major advance for developing countries, Mauritania in particular. The multilateral framework was, in theory, there to protect the weakest commercial countries and to recgnize the specific needs of developing countries. However, in reality the developed powers gained more advantage from the multilateral framework which has allowed them to impose their laws on the countries of third world, Mauritania included. In short in spite of declarations made by The World Trade Organisation, since its creation to the contrary, in reality it is an organisation which serves the multinationals. The rich coutries become increasingly rich and the poor contries increasingly poor
Legzouli, Mustapha. "Les mécanismes d'aide au développement : FMI et OMC." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05D005.
Full textThe IMF was created at Bretton Woods (USA) following a conference which was organized by the United Nations in July 1944. Its main purpose is to promote the smooth functioning of the global economy. The IMF which was not created to come exclusively with developing countries, has seen its fields of action to diversify and deepen. As good guarantor of a global economy that the crisis may threaten, he realized he could not ignore the economic and financial crises and underdevelopment. The main instruments that the Fund uses to help developing countries are: emergency assistance, to ease the poverty reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), the Initiative Relief (MDRI), itiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC), the instrument of support for economic policy (PSI). Besides the technical assistance provided by various departments of the IMF and his Institute, Regional Centers of technical assistance have been installed in the Pacific, the caribbean, the Middle East and East Africa and the West. The IMF also called for resolving the financial and economic crises besetting developing countries. The World Trade Organization was created in early 1995, after negotiations that took place in Marrakech in 1994 and ached the Round of Uruguay Round. Then comes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, known as the GATT. The WTO is the culmination of several rounds of negotiations that started after the Second World War. Their goal is to create, develop and regulate a multilateral trading system (MTS), the only effective antidote against the armed conflict. Thanks to the efforts of developing countries, the SCM has included general and specific provisions to make trade policy mechanism to assist developing countries to increase their export rnings and to establish an industrial base. Since the start of multilateral negotiations, a set of rules has helped to consolidate the normative trame with GATT Article XVIII and Part IV or the Tokyo Round with the Enabling Clause or the Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) which has ceased to be improved in different rounds. If the IMF is trying to make the commercial exchange between the developing and developed countries as possible, the World Trade Organization, meanwhile, offers a platform to regulate and resolve disputes that may arise between the two parties. As we have seen, the IMF puts all the means at its disposal to assist developing countries at all levels. Not only its tion is in the long term, but in the short term when to act in a timely and urgent manner. Almost all of its departments are involved in economic development in low income. In addition to purely technical assistance within its competence, it mobilizes its resources to financially help countries experiencing liquidity problems. It took some time to the Fund to become more involved in using and adapting mechanisms to the real needs of its developing member who constitute the majority
Ciabrini, Sylvie. "Le droit international des services : l'accord général sur le commerce des services: le GATS." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05D005.
Full textThis thesis demonstrates the necessary creation of an international law adapted at an important sector of the international economy: the services. For that, the study shall detect the international society and her legal needs in this sector, and, shall analyse the general agreement on trade in services who has been recently negotiated in the Uruguay round. In this framework, an approach of the European law shall do us to value the gats gapes and to know his futures meanings
Bahanag, Bassong Alexandre. "Le règlement des différends commerciaux dans le cadre du GATT." Strasbourg 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR30004.
Full textIt is difficult today not to consider the GATT as an international trade tribunal, all the more as most of trade disputes between states are born and settleting it. The necessity to adapt GATT pragmatic and realist functionning brough the contracting parties to decide in favour of diplomatic procedures which are flexible and which reconcile the necessities of national severeignty and interdeplendant trade requirements. Therefore parties in a dispute do not appear before GATT organs (which always refuse to consider themselves as a court of justice) as "accused" or "accusing". "guilty" or "victim". But as parties who desire to put on their conflicts in order to insure a normal functioning of the organisation. The victory versus defeat is substituded by an effort towards achieving a consmon approach of problems that are the conclu not only of the menbers directly concerned, but of the other member states as well and the institution as such. This revelation is the result of an analysis of wold trade jurisprudence principally established in GATT. By the contracting parties, the council, the panels, the working groups and the committees
Quentel, Vincent. "Les implications des contentieux OMC agroalimentaires pour la Communauté européenne." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10006.
Full textSince the creation of wto, the Common agricultural policy (CAP) and the international legal framework applicable to the trade of the agrifood products deeply evolved. The disputes settled on the matter by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) presents from now involvements which largely exceed the framework of those that the reports of the GATT panels could cover. The litigations in which the European Community was involved since 1995 are illustrations. They highlighted certain imbalances of the european agrifood model, shared between the respect of the guiding principles of WTO and the use for its derogatory provisions. Following the complaints launched against the Community, the model in question must adapt, but frequently with the concern of reconciling the requirement of the implementation of DSU's recommendations with the will to preserve the communautary interests. This exercise put in particular forward the difficulties related concomitantly on the combining of the CAP with the other communautary policies and to the compliance with the multilateral rules. These two requirements are not contradictory. Their realization takes part in the new objective of the communautary authorities : the recognition of the european agrifood model at the international level
Thillier, Alexandre. "L' antidumping communautaire face aux évolutions juridiques et aux mutations économiques internationales." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10406.
Full textThe concept of antidumping has not undergone any significant alteration since its last international codification in 1947. It still constitutes a tool against the phenomenon of international price discrimination. However, nowadays antidumping not only has to keep pace with legal developments but it is also confronted with profound international economic change. At a legal level, the adoption of a new agreement in 1994 noticeably reinforced WTO antidumping rules. Moreover, the new Dispute Settlement System allows for a better control of its use by the WTO members. In this new context, the legal deference of European Community antidumping instrument to international rules seems to be flawed. At an economic level, developments in the process of "globalization" have radically altered the traditional benchmarks of international trade. Compagnies are no longer "national" but have become "transnational". Furthermore, the external economic relations of states have also moved towards the intensification of free trade. Antidumping, as a necessary strategic instrument for regulating this economic phenomenon must be reformed taking into account certain criticisms that have been made. Otherwise, its very legitimacy could be called into question
Aekaputra, Prasit. "Le GATT et les pays en voie de développement spécialement dans le cadre du Tokyo Round." Paris 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA020111.
Full textAfter the seventh multilateral commercial negotiation supervised by the gatt (general agreement on tariffs and trade) at tokyo and geneva between 1973-1979, the results of the tokyo round are importants not only in the legal aspect but also in the economic aspect. These results are importants too for the developing countries especially on three topics : the legalization of the differential and more favoured treatment for the developing countries, the recognition of the particulars needs of these countries, and the technical aids on their favour. However, the tokyo round can not resolved every problems of the developing countries. Many things must be done for the more justice in the international commerce between the developed countries and the developing countries
Mkimer-Bengeloune, Laïla. "Modélisation des barrières non tarifaires et leur impact sur les échanges internationaux : une application aux pays méditerranéens." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01004671.
Full textBouchez, Dominique. "Gatt/omc : enceinte du conflit agricole entre les Etats-Unis et l'Union européenne." Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100086.
Full textThe agricultural conflict between Europe and the United States remains the most persistent conflict within the GATT and the WTO. So as to understand why, a preliminary study testifies that agriculture is a very sensitive sector, so that even the United States had to support it, in spite of their liberal convictions. Arises then an antagonism between the GATT obligation to liberalise trade and the duty to preserve agricultural policies. Within the GATT, the United States are allowed to exempt their agriculture from the obligation of liberalisation, but start to struggle against the EEC and the CAP in 1962. The conflict that started then is still existing nowadays. Despite the new rules established after the Uruguay Round, the agricultural conflicts within the WTO are multifaceted : the dispute settlement Body has to deal with more complex questions concerning general interest and States' sovereignty
Dehousse, Franklin. "Les Etats-unis et la coopération économique internationale (1917-1989) : l'incidence de la constitution américaine sur l'évolution du droit économique international." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR30016.
Full textThe book systematically analyses the effects of the united states' institutions on the international law organizing economic cooperation between states. The first part examines the american constitutional system. It explains how the separation of powers principle has shaped the evolution of the economic policies and the diplomacy of the united states. The second part shows how the peculiarities of the american constitutional system have influenced the evolution of the international economic system. Firstly, it recalls the context in which the "bretton woods system" was created (1917-1947). Secondly, it surveys the evolution of this system since the end of world war ii until the attempts of thorough reforms in the 1980s. The conclusion reached is that the united states need a constitutional reform to reduce the impediments to the adjustment of economic policy and the development of international economic agreements
Zhang, Shu. "De l'OMPI au GATT : protection internationale de droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) : étude sur l'évolution et l'actualité." Paris 10, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA100043.
Full textThe present thesis aims at a study of the evolution and the reality of the international protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Being the exclusivity of the WIPO for a long time, this protection is now jointly carried about by the GATT since the opening of Uruguay Round. From WIPO to GATT, this transfer of the gravity center can be explained by several political and economic elements, among which are the trade of the counterfeiting goods and, especially, the readjustment of the trade policy of the United States during the 70’s and 80’s. Against such a background, the TRIPS-negotiations have finally come to the conclusion of a specific agreement, which stipulates the general principles upon the IPS protection, the rules of the IPR and the means to implement them. An analytic presentation of this agreement is given hereby, so as to show the framework of the IPR protection under the GATT system. However, it seems appropriate to conclude that in a nearer future, neither WIPO nor GATT could be able to completely harmonize the various national legislations on the subject, because of the conflict of nation’s goal, which must obey to the need of the Development and Competition. So, the adequate protection of the IPR could only be a relative concept, depending largely upon the concrete stage of its economic and social development as concerned a given country
Gozlan, Estelle. "Commerce international et sécurité des produits." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100047.
Full textBaab, Heiner. "GATT und WTO im Recht der USA : die Integration des Völkervertragsrechts in die Rechtsordnung der USA am Beispiel der GATT-Abkommen und der WTO-Übereinkommen /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/329976354.pdf.
Full textBhouri, Houda. "Les intégrations économiques régionales à l'ère de l'OMC : l'évolution de l'article XXIV." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28526/28526.pdf.
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