Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tariff unions

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tariff unions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Tariff unions"

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Aituar, A. N., and S. S. Kemelbayeva. "The Effects of changes in Tariff Rates on Imports: Evidence from Kazakhstan." Economics: the strategy and practice 17, no. 2 (2022): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2022-2-178-189.

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This paper is the continuation of the research on the impact of Eurasian Customs Union policies on the economy of Kazakhstan. The study provides new evidence on the effects of Customs Unions on its members. In particular, this paper investigates the impact of tariff rate changes in Kazakhstan due to the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union. Kazakhstan joined Eurasian Customs Union in 2010. Then the Eurasian Customs Union became the Eurasian Economic Union in May 2014. Since the establishment of the ECU, Kazakhstan’s trade policy has experienced considerable change. The tariff rates in
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Weerth, Carsten. "Tariffs of the World: Are Customs Duties Really Growing Unimportant?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 2 (2009): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009008.

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Some scientists and authorities are arguing that tariffs are growing more and more unimportant since eight GATT/WTOTariff– Rounds have resulted in tremendous reductions of the original tariff rates in the late 1940ies. The Non–Tariff–Measures however are gaining more importance. A WCO–background–paper has been published in September 2008 which shows the amount of revenue of a state that is generated by customs duties. The results are amazing. Tariffs are not important any more for developed states however revenue from customs duties is of very much importance to the (least) developing countrie
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Kennan, John, and Raymond Riezman. "Optimal Tariff Equilibria with Customs Unions." Canadian Journal of Economics 23, no. 1 (1990): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135520.

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Nowbutsing, Baboo M. "Winners and Losers in Customs Unions: An Experimental Investigation." Journal of Education and Vocational Research 2, no. 2 (2011): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jevr.v2i2.25.

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In the context of a Competitive Ricardian Model (CRM), one can ask whether it is possible to relate winners and losers from a CU based on comparative advantage considerations. This was pursued by Venables (2003), who showed that careful consideration of a country’s comparative advantage – with the rest of the world relative to that with its partners in the CU- yields predictions about winners and losers. Starting from initial tariff equilibrium, in a 3 country model with a continuum of goods, he shows that a country with ‘extreme’ comparative advantage will be more vulnerable to trade
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Saatcioglu, Cem, and Kaan Celikok. "European Regional Integration and its Partnership with Türkiye: An Assessment of the Specific Customs Union." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 13, no. 1 (2023): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.14014.

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International economic integrations, especially after the end of World War II, result from the long-term goals of establishing political unity based on countries' orientation towards their common economic interests. Customs unions, in which states abolish tariffs among themselves and apply common tariffs to third countries, are the next advanced stage of international integration after free trade zones. While customs unions eliminate tariffs and related taxes in trade within their jurisdiction, they also establish a common external tariff. This entails some asymmetrical disadvantages for the c
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Mendez-Naya, Jose, and Tomas Gomez-Arias. "Customs Unions among Producing Countries with Different Costs." Journal of International Business and Economy 10, no. 1 (2009): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2009.1.3.

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The effects of production cost asymmetries on the sustainability of customs unions among producing countries are investigated using a homogeneous-product Cournot oligopoly model, in which three producing countries subsidize exports of an homogeneous good to a consumer country that imposes a tariff on imports. It is found that the only sustainable customs union is the one formed by the three-member customs union. However, although the said customs union will be in equilibrium if utility transferences among member countries are allowed, it could not be in equilibrium if such transferences are no
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Melatos, Mark, and Alan Woodland. "Common External Tariff Choice in Core Customs Unions." Review of International Economics 17, no. 2 (2009): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2009.00824.x.

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Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert W. Staiger. "Multilateral tariff cooperation during the formation of customs unions." Journal of International Economics 42, no. 1-2 (1997): 91–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(96)01443-2.

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Givargizova, L. "PROSPECTS FOR ESTABLISHING A FREE TRADE ZONE BETWEEN THE EAEU AND INDIA." SCIENTIFIC-DISCUSSION, no. 82 (November 13, 2023): 52–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10117527.

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At the current stage of development under sanctions pressure on the Russian economy, the expansion and strengthening of foreign economic relations with friendly countries and with countries participating in integration blocs and unions is of great importance. The issues of technical barriers, new solutions in the field of supply chains, customs co-operation and industry co-operation are becoming relevant. Taking into account the sanctions pressure on the Russian market from the beginning of 2022, it becomes necessary to expand trade and economic relations with friendly countries, focusing on t
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Syropoulos, Constantinos. "Rules for the disposition of tariff revenues and the determination of common external tariffs in customs unions." Journal of International Economics 60, no. 2 (2003): 387–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(02)00046-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tariff unions"

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Tidjani, Serpos Abdelaziz. "Specific Tariff versus Ad valorem Tariff : choice of a Policy Instrument In Agricultural Trade Negotiations." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29818/29818.pdf.

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La conversion des tarifs spécifiques en leur équivalent ad valorem est un sujet d’actualité en ce sens qu’elle fait partie des priorités dans les discussions des membres de l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC). Peut-on mieux comprendre et anticiper les choix de tarifs par les pays dans un contexte de négociation commerciale? Le présent mémoire se propose d’apporter une réponse à cette question. Nous avons utilisé un modèle à deux étapes. La première consiste au choix du type de tarif par les pays. La deuxième, quant à elle, est la phase de négociation. Le modèle est composé de deux pays e
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Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.

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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviou
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Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." University of Sydney. Economics and Political Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.

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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviou
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Sbarai, Nathália. "Mensuração de tarifas equivalentes de medidas técnicas e sanitárias: um estudo para as exportações brasileiras de carne bovina para a UE." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-23032012-163349/.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo estimar as tarifas equivalentes de medidas nãotarifárias, em especial de medidas sanitárias e técnicas, impostas pela União Européia às exportações brasileiras de carne bovina. O período de análise compreende os anos de 2000 a 2009, e consideram-se carnes com e sem osso, frescas e congeladas, classificadas a seis dígitos do Sistema Harmonizado. A revisão de literatura identifica um número considerável de exigências técnicas e sanitárias, incidentes sobre o comércio da carne bovina brasileira, justificando a necessidade de mensurar o impacto dessas medidas. Estim
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Costa, Cinthia Cabral da. "Medidas protecionistas utilizadas pelos Estados Unidos e União Européia para o açúcar: impacto sobre a economia das regiões exportadoras do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-26072004-150200/.

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As exportações brasileiras de açúcar, especialmente as originadas da região Centro-Sul, são altamente competitivas no mercado mundial. Contudo, sofrem efeitos de políticas protecionistas no âmbito do comércio internacional, alterando a movimentação da produção em resposta à determinação de oferta e demanda de mercado. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e quantificar os efeitos que as medidas protecionistas para o açúcar nos Estados Unidos e na União Européia, tiveram sobre a exportação brasileira de açúcar, e sua repercussão na economia brasileira como um todo, tomando como base o
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Brandão, Isac Jonatas. "Evidências de proteção tarifária endógena para produtos agropecuários brasileiros nos Estados Unidos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2004. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9054.

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Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-11-04T11:07:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 322004 bytes, checksum: 8b9be02f4553f724a76774c67b7932b4 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-04T11:07:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 322004 bytes, checksum: 8b9be02f4553f724a76774c67b7932b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-06<br>No contexto econômico atual, o comércio internacional tem sido regido por uma gama de ações protecionistas que compreendem barreiras tarifárias e não-tarifárias, as quais distorcem as leis do livre mercado e
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Phaswana, Pfarelo Edwin. "The impact of non-tariff measures on meat trade between Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Zambia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65940.

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) displayed notable success in pushing for trade liberalisation through tariff reductions. This was achieved following the signing of the SADC protocol on trade in 1996. The implementation of the protocol commenced in 2000. About 85 % of intra-SADC trade was free of duty in 2008 and the Southern African Development Community Free Trade Area (SADC-FTA) was launched. Maximum tariff reductions were achieved in 2012. The main aim for SADC tariff reductions under the trade protocol was to improve intra-SADC trade. However, this is not what happened, s
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Mathä, Thomas Yngve. "European integration, trade structure, and Swedish multinationals." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323213.

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Mönnich, Christina. "Tariff rate quotas and their administration : theory, practice and an econometric model for the EU /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/390979201.pdf.

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Žiedelienė, Rūta. "Rusijos, Baltarusijos ir Kazachstano muitų sąjungos įtaka krovinių srautų formavimuisi." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120703_152446-20349.

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Šiais, spartaus ekonomikos augimo laikais, vis svarbesnis tampa tarptautinės prekybos klausimas. Šiandien, nei viena valstybė negali pasiekti ekonominio augimo, jeigu aktyviai nesireiškia ir nedalyvauja tarptautinėje prekyboje. Siekdamos kuo geriau įsitvirtinti pasaulinėse rinkose, šalys vis labiau pasineria į užsienio prekybos politikos procesus, kas lemia spartų prekybos sąlygų keitimąsi. O šis prekybinių sąlygų pasikeitimas sąlygoja šalių būrimąsi į bendras sąjungas. Ne išimtis ir neseniai pradėjusi veikti Rusijos, Baltarusijos bei Kazachstano (toliau RBK) muitų sąjunga. Darbe daug dėmesio
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Books on the topic "Tariff unions"

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Bagwell, Kyle. Multilateral tariff cooperation during the formation of customs unions. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Bagwell, Kyle. Multilateral tariff cooperation during the formation of customs unions. Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1994.

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B, Carlos Williamson. La teoría sobre preferencias arancelarias: El caso de las uniones aduaneras. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Instituto de Economía, 1985.

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Finance, United States Congress Senate Committee on. Approval of United States-Israel trade agreement: Report (to accompany S. 1114). U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Approval of United States-Israel trade agreement: Report (to accompany S. 1114). U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Approval of United States-Israel trade agreement: Report (to accompany S. 1114). U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Panagariya, Arvind. A political-economy analysis of free trade areas and customs unions. World Bank, Policy Research Dept., 1994.

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Sousa, Fernando Freire de. A adesão de Portugal à CEE: O impacto do desarmamento aduaneiro português. Banco Português de Atlântico, Direcção de Estudos Económicos e de Marketing, Centro de Estudos de Economia Portuguesa, 1985.

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Munin, Nellie. Misui ha-yevu lefi heskeme ezor ha-saḥar ha-ḥofshi shel Yiśraʼel. ha-Makhon le-meḥḳere ḥaḳiḳah ule-mishpaṭ hashṿaʼati ʻa. sh. Hari u-Mikhaʼel Saḳer, ha-Faḳulṭah le-mishpaṭim, ha-Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit, 1995.

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Munin, Nellie. Misui ha-yevu lefi heskeme ezor ha-saḥar ha-ḥofshi shel Yiśraʼel. ha-Makhon le-meḥḳere ḥaḳiḳah ule-mishpaṭ hashṿaʼati ʻa. sh. Hari u-Mikhaʼel Saḳer, ha-Faḳulṭah le-mishpaṭim, ha-Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tariff unions"

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El-Agraa, Ali M. "Customs Unions versus Unilateral Tariff Reduction." In Regional Integration. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230595866_4.

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Kerikmäe, Tanel, and Sandra Särav. "Article 31 [Common Customs Tariff]." In Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - A Commentary. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43511-0_32.

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Raimondi, Valentina, Margherita Scoppola, and Alessandro Olper. "Trade Preference Through Tariff Rate Quotas and the Gravity Equation: Does the Tariff Equivalent Matter?" In The Trade Impact of European Union Preferential Policies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16564-1_9.

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Shaw, Jo, Jo Hunt, and Chloë Wallace. "Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade in Goods." In Economic and Social Law of the European Union. Macmillan Education UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08070-7_5.

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Cointe, Béatrice, and Alain Nadaï. "Agencing Feed-in Tariffs in the European Union." In Feed-in tariffs in the European Union. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76321-7_1.

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Cointe, Béatrice, and Alain Nadaï. "FITs and European Renewable Energy Policy Before 1996: A Tale of Two Beginnings." In Feed-in tariffs in the European Union. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76321-7_2.

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Cointe, Béatrice, and Alain Nadaï. "Tariffs, Quotas and the Ideal of Pan-European Harmonisation from 1996 to 2001." In Feed-in tariffs in the European Union. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76321-7_3.

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Cointe, Béatrice, and Alain Nadaï. "2001–2008: European-Scale Experimentation in Renewable Energy Policy-Making." In Feed-in tariffs in the European Union. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76321-7_4.

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Cointe, Béatrice, and Alain Nadaï. "Turbulence and Reforms in European Renewable Energy Policy After 2008." In Feed-in tariffs in the European Union. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76321-7_5.

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Cointe, Béatrice, and Alain Nadaï. "Conclusion." In Feed-in tariffs in the European Union. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76321-7_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tariff unions"

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Kovács, Eszter. "Transoceanic trade triangle of the US-EU-China." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2022.5.

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As part of global trade, the emergence of free trade agreements has resulted in the removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers over the past seventy years. The major trade actors (European Union, United States, and China) have become economic rivals, which make them compete in confrontational or cooperative ways for greater benefits and welfare. This paper discusses three free trade agreements between the US‒EU‒China: the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI), and the Economic And Trade Agreement Between The Government Of The
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MT, Abisheak, Aravind Babu S, Godwin P, Mohamed Fahmi M, and Nithya S. "IoT Based Smart Energy Meter for Tariff Calculations." In International Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering and Management (ICMTEM-24). International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59544/tmif5237/icmtem24p13.

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The commonplace items that are all around us will operate as proactive Internet users in the future Internet of Things (IoT), producing and consuming data. The Internet of Things is made up of more than only the gadgets that are already widely used in the technology industry(like automobiles or refrigerators), as well as items that are not native to this area (like clothing or perishable food), or even living things (like farms, forests, or cattle). Healthcare, logistics, domestics, entertainment, and other industries will all be able to see a qualitative and quantitative leap in the integrati
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Turdubekova, Aigul, and Elmira Kupsuralieva. "Kyrgyzstan and Eurasian Customs Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00823.

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This paper looks at the issue of joining the Eurasian Customs Union for Kyrgyzstan. We first provide a short description of how some former Soviet Union countries attempted to rejuvenate their regional integration followed by the review of the economic, social and political background of Kyrgyzstan in joining the Eurasian Customs Union. The main conditions for and the associated impact of joining the Union on customs tariffs and the international trade of Kyrgyzstan are discussed. By comparing the main development indicators of the Customs Union member countries we try to find any advantages f
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Campanari, Stefano, Paolo Chiesa, and Paolo Silva. "Performance Assessment of Cogeneration Systems for Industrial District Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27659.

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This paper discusses the development and testing of an optimization tool for the energy and economic analysis of cogeneration systems and its application to industrial districts composed by different factories (with electrical, heating and in some cases cooling demand), with time-variable loads and several day-types profiles. The discussion compares three cogeneration systems, respectively based on: (i) a simple cycle gas turbine or (ii) a recuperative cycle gas turbine, both with heat recovery and an absorption chiller, and (iii) an internal combustion engine with electrical chiller units. Te
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Barak, Osman, and Murat Doğanay. "The Effects of the Kazakhstan-Russia-Belarus Customs Union on Turkey’s Exports and on Turkish Investors in Kazakhstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00397.

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The customs union is a model of economic integration which is composed of free trade area among the participant countries with a common external tariff. The participant countries generally set up common external trade policy. Main establishing purposes of customs union are increasing economic efficiency, improving the global competitiveness and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. This paper analyses the concept and effects of customs union, the agreement of Bel EurAsEC Customs Union and how this agreements effects Turkish investors in Kazakhstan and ex
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Potorac, Doina. "The role of DCFTA in the development of the national economy of the Republic of Moldova." In Simpozion stiintific al tinerilor cercetatori, editia 20. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975359023.05.

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Moldova-EU free trade agreement implies gradual liberalization (up to 10 years from signing) of trade in goods and services, free movement of labor, reduction of customs duties, technical and non-tariff barriers, abolition of quantitative restrictions and harmonization of EU acquisitions. Thus, the DCFTA (Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union) is part of the European Association Agreement and brings additional economic benefits to the Republic of Moldova.
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Alamanova, Chinara. "Experience of Economic Integration of Kyrgyzstan within the Framework of the Eurasian Economic Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02188.

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At present, practically all countries of the world are involved in integration processes. However, at the present stage, the mechanism of integration interaction is not sufficiently regulated, as evidenced by the experience of integration of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. The history of various integration groupings, along with regularities, carries in itself essential features of historical uniqueness. This determines the theoretical and practical relevance of the research topic. In the article, the example of Kyrgyzstan explores the experience of the country's integration into
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Manasov, Zamirbek. "Multilateralism versus Regionalism in Eurasia: Theoretical Reasons of Choosing Sides for Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00319.

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This paper asks whether Kyrgyzstan should take part in the newly established Customs Union among Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia or in the World Trade Organization (WTO). From the start of the foundation of the new Customs Union there have been deep discussions among the proponents and opponents of organization. This issue attracted extra attention and interest because the new Customs Union includes non-members of the World Trade Organization such as Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. In Addition, the new Customs Union, unlike previous regional trade agreements, has formed a supranational body –t
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Dragoi, Catalin. "Romania's budget deficit in the European context." In The 6th Economic International Conference "Competitiveness and sustainable development". Technical University of Moldova, 2024. https://doi.org/10.52326/csd2024.11.

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Twin deficits are a chronic problem of the Romanian economy, which has worsened in recent years amid global crises. Even if some of the existing global economic conditions have improved (we refer in particular to the decline in commodity, oil, natural gas and energy prices and the sustained economic growth in the US and globally), Romania will have a current account deficit in the coming years, which will gradually decline. In order to reduce these shortcomings, the government needs to take a package of measures including budgetary policies (increasing budget revenues by increasing collection,
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Nitova, Darina, and Yasen Markov. "CHALLENGE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DO NOT SIGNIFICANTLY HARM PRINCIPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION FUNDED RAIL PROJECTS IN BULGARIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s23.095.

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The European Green Deal has an overarching aim of making Europe climate neutral in 2050. The goal is to reduce EU's greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 to at least 50% and towards 55% compared with 1990 levels. Its goals extend to many different sectors, including construction, biodiversity, energy, transport and food and includes carbon tariffs for countries that don't curtail their greenhouse gas pollution at the same rate. On 18 June 2020, the Taxonomy Regulation for climate change mitigation and adaptation was published in the Official Journal. In December 2020 was adopted the new EU Sustain
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Reports on the topic "Tariff unions"

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Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert Staiger. Multilateral Tariff Cooperation during the Formation of Customs Unions. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4543.

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Fachola, Gabriela, Carlos Casacuberta, and Néstor Gandelman. The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Employment, Capital, and Productivity Dynamics: Evidence from the Uruguayan Manufacturing Sector. Inter-American Development Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011252.

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This paper studies the impact of trade liberalization on labor and capital gross flows and productivity in the Uruguayan manufacturing sector. Uruguay opened its economy in the presence of -at least initially- strong unions and structurally different industry concentration levels. Higher international exposure implied slightly higher job creation and an important increase in job and capital destruction. Unions were able to dampen this effect. Although not associated with higher creation rates, unions were effective in reducing job and capital destruction. Industry concentration also was found
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Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik, and Jules Hugot. Gravity-Based Tools for Assessing the Impact of Tariff Changes. Asian Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220053-2.

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The first tool estimates the impact on bilateral trade for 5,020 products in a partial equilibrium framework. The second quantifies the general equilibrium impact on bilateral aggregate trade, allowing estimates of trade reallocation and welfare changes. The paper uses these to estimate the impact for Armenia of tariff changes including (i) alignment with the external tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union, (ii) free trade agreements between the Eurasian Economic Union and other economies—Iran and the People’s Republic of China, and (iii) loss of beneficiary status for the European Union’s Gene
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4

Levell, Peter. The Customs Union, tariff reductions and consumer prices. Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2018.bn0225.

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McQuinn, Kieran, Conor O'Toole, and Dónal O'Shea. Quarterly Economic Commentary, Spring 2025. ESRI, 2024. https://doi.org/10.26504/qec2025spr.

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At the start of 2025, the Irish economy is in a strong position. Unemployment stands at 3.9 per cent, while real income growth is set to exceed 3.5 per cent in the current year. Exchequer returns continue to increase quite significantly for the opening period of the present year. Therefore, as a baseline, we expect modified domestic demand (MDD) to increase by 3.0 per cent in 2025 and 2.8 per cent in 2026. These forecasts are conducted on the assumption of no trade tariffs being imposed between the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). However, the international climate is particular
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Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu, Sajal Lahiri, and Suryadipta Roy. Political Asymmetry and Common External Tariff in a Customs Union. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2007.038.

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Gopalakrishnan, Badri, Sindhu Bharathi, and Sumathi Chakravarthy. UK-Commonwealth Trade After Brexit. Commonwealth Secretariat, 2021. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.330.

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Post-Brexit trade deals between the United Kingdom and the USA, Japan, European Union, Australia, New Zealand and Canada include the elimination of various tariffs. This paper employs a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to analyse the impact of this on the Commonwealth countries. Assuming the status quo in terms of tariffs and free trade agreements (FTA) to prevail after the UK’s transition from the EU, it uses a simulation to predict and analyse the trade dynamics, while assuming the conclusion of zero-tariff trade deals of the UK with (a) Japan and Australia by 2021; (b) The USA b
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Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu, Sajal Lahiri, and Suryadipta Roy. Enlargement and Common External Tariff in a Political-Economic Model of Customs Union. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2008.022.

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Laens, Silvia, and María Inés Terra. MERCOSUR: Asymmetries and Strengthening of the Customs Union: Options for the Common External Tariff. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011148.

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The enforcement of the MERCOSUR as an imperfect customs union is determined by the existence of a Common External Tariff (CET) which has not been fully applied up to this moment. The smallest countries in the MERCOSUR are more open, more specialized and a larger share of their total trade is intrabloc. Their integration to the MERCOSUR deeply affected their external relations and their output composition. On the contrary, for the largest countries, especially Brazil, their integration to the MERCOSUR has had much less impact on production and trade. The objective of this paper is to assess the
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Kawecka-Wyrzykowska, Elzbieta. How to Establish the Customs Union?: Experience of the European Communities. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006753.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the Subregional Central America Meeting celebrated on June 13th and 14th, 2005 in San Salvador, El Salvador. This presentation covers the common customs tariff (CCT); other barriers on imports; trade coverage and trade liberalization in the Customs Union (CU);and experience of Poland joining the European Union (EU).
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