Relevant bibliographies by topics / Typology of countries

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Typology of countries'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 30 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Typology of countries"

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FREY, Jean-Pierre. "Emerging Countries: Exploratory Technical Note." Cahiers du cedimes 17, no. 2 (2022): 209–31. https://doi.org/10.69611/cahiers17-2-13.

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This exploratory note presents a technique for constructing a typology of world economies in 3 classes: under developing countries; Emerging countries and Developed countries: From this typology, we try, for the year 2019, using a logistic regression of 3 modalities to evaluate the probabilities that an economy jumps from one modality to another upwards (start of take-off) or down (initiate recoil). The a posteriori analysis of the strategies to be implemented to obtain such results should follow. In perspective, this technique, repeated from period to period, would make it possible to follow
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Adamovych, Z. "Typology of countries on the knowledge economy development." Географія та туризм, Вип. 29 (2014): 101–12.

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Khan, Mushtaq H. "A Typology of Corrupt Transactions in Developing Countries." IDS Bulletin 27, no. 2 (1996): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1996.mp27002003.x.

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Yu, Bingxin, and Lingzhi You. "A typology of food security in developing countries." China Agricultural Economic Review 5, no. 1 (2013): 118–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561371311294810.

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Vaitkevičius, Sigitas, Rūta Čiutienė, Evelina Meilienė, and Asta Savanevičienė. "Typology of Human Capital Development in EU Countries." Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015): 1641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00520-1.

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Vladimir E., Safonov. "Сonstitutional Justice in Foreign Countries: Formation and Typology". Rossijskoe pravosudie, № 6 (22 травня 2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2023.6.17-24.

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The article is devoted to the stages of formation and typology of judicial constitutional justice in foreign countries. A thorough analysis of the role of constitutional justice in ensuring the principles of federalism is given.
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Eriksen, Pål Kristian, and Camilla Wide. "Introduction: The Nordic languages and typology." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 34, no. 2 (2011): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586511000187.

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The theme of this special issue is the languages of the Nordic countries and linguistic typology. By ‘the Nordic countries’ we refer to the five countries of Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland. Genetically, the Nordic languages are divided between the Uralic and the Indo-European language families. The Indo-European languages are represented through the North Germanic branch, and conversely the ‘homeland’ of the North Germanic branch is more or less exclusively located within the borders of the Nordic countries. The Uralic languages are represented through most of the languages of th
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ALBUQUERQUE, EDUARDO DA MOTTA E. "National Systems of Innovation and Non-OECD Countries: Notes about a rudimentary and tentative “typology”." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 19, no. 4 (1999): 602–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571999-1089.

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ABSTRACT This paper suggests a tentative “typology” for Non-OECD National Systems of Innovation (NSIs). Three main categories compose this tentative “typology”: “mature” NSIs, catching up NSIs, and “non-mature” NSIs. This paper investigates theoretical mediations which may be necessary if the NSI concept is to be applied appropriately to Non-OECD countries. Science and technology statistics are used to evaluate the suggested “typology”. Basic statistics (GDP, R&D expenditures, education, patents, and papers) are presented. Data from forty-six countries are used for statistical exercises. T
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Volkova, Anna G. "SECTORAL COMPOSITION OF THE ECONOMY AS A TYPOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTE." Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, no. 3 (2022): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/gikbfu-2022-3-4.

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Structuring information is critical to learning the difference between the countries of the world. The typology is one of the scientific methods of systematizing information. Selecting a typological attribute becomes a major challenge of methodology for creating a typology due to the richness of information. This article provides an example of the typology of the countries based on their types of sectoral composition of the economy. The research attempts at assessing the degree of the information richness of sectoral composition of the economy as typological attribute for economy typology. The
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Chau, Ruby C. M., and Sam W. K. Yu. "Defamilisation of Twenty-Two Countries: Its Implications for the Study of East Asian Welfare Regime." Social Policy and Society 12, no. 3 (2012): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746412000577.

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Two analytical tasks have been conducted in this article. The first is to construct a defamilisation typology that covers eighteen OECD members and four tiger economies (namely Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore). The second is to demonstrate this typology's contribution to the debate on the existence of two essential preconditions for the development of an all-encompassing East Asian welfare regime: (1) the existence of significant differences in the welfare systems between the East Asian countries and the non-East Asian OECD countries; and (2) the existence of significant similarit
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Typology of countries"

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Корнєєв, М. В., та Д. М. Дмитренко. "Фінансова економіка в соціально-економічній типології країн". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61574.

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Розвиток соціально-економічних систем прийнято періодизувати за цивілізаційним чи формаційним підходами. Зміст кожного підходу обумовлює типологію національних економік, що є підґрунтям для побудови відповідної концепції фінансової політики. Еволюційний характер соціально-економічної типології країн простежується в межах кожного з існуючих цивілізаційних утворень. Співіснування у глобальній економіці різних соціально-економічних типів національних економік пояснюється при цьому співіснуванням різних цивілізаційних утворень.
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Marková, Jitka. "Tuberkulóza - staronový problém evropských populací." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-310486.

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Tuberculosis - re-established problem of European population Abstract The main objective of this study is to collect data and to provide information about current tuberculosis burden on European population and to capture the most important trends in development of spreading the infection in the European region in the period 1995-2010. A typology of the countries of the European region is performed on the base of main features of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality in the period 2008-2010. Detailed analysis of level of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality for each region was based on available
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Books on the topic "Typology of countries"

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Bako-Arifari, Nassirou. Traditional local institutions, social capital and the process of decentralisation: A typology of government policies in developing countries. Das Arabische Buch, 1999.

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Marusenko, Nataliya. Educational language policy in the modern world. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1989215.

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The monograph examines a wide range of problems related to the sociology of bilingual education. Bilingual education is considered both in historical and territorial-social aspects, which makes it possible to create a typology of forms and models of bilingual education used in different countries and regions of the globe. An analysis of global trends in the development of bilingual education in the era of globalization shows that the ideology of bilingual education imposed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund leads to the reproduction of social inequality and the strengthening
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Horne, Cynthia M. Classifying Countries within the Transitional Justice Typology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 explores each of the country cases in this project, namely the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, and Albania. The chapter provides historical details of the transitional justice reforms in all twelve countries from 1989–2013, covering lustration, file access, public disclosures, and truth commissions. This material is then used to place each country case within the typology developed in Chapter 1, according to whether the measures were expansive and included compulsory employment change, limited and included lar
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Michel, Fromont. 16 A Typology of Administrative Law in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198726401.003.0016.

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This chapter examines the diversity of administrative law in European states. It considers administrative-law orders that have remained unique as well as those which have been influential. Three archetypes of administrative law provide the focal point for this discussion: Great Britain, France, and Germany. These three states have propagated their own system of administrative law throughout Europe, either in the shadow of their military and political power, through their economic significance, or through the influence of their legal scholarship. Groups or families of countries have grown aroun
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Bitkeeva, Aysa N., Vida Yu Mikhalchenko, and Nguyen Van Hiep, eds. Sociocultural development of languages in polyethnic countries: Russia-Vietnam. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0642-0.

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The Russian-Vietnamese international research presents the general principles of sociolinguistic typology, the definition of functional types of languages and functional dominants, with a special focus on minority languages. The main subject of the research is languages of Russia and Vietnam. The monograph presents a sociolinguistic classification of languages of these two polyethnic countries based on the volume of their social functions, analyses of the dynamics of language situations in polyethnic Russia and Vietnam. The legislative basis of the language life in both countries is considered
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Baydalova, Ekaterina V., Svetlana A. Kozhina, and Anastasia V. Usacheva, eds. Literary and critical periodicals in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe of the XX-XXI centuries: structure, typology, socio-cultural context. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8554.2020.

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The collective scientific work devoted to the problems of literary and critical periodicals as an important part of the literary process, appearing in different periods during the XX‒XXI centuries as a mouthpiece of progressive or conservative forces, a platform for theoretical justification and artistic embodiment of new literary trends. The book chapters cover the material of most Slavic, as well as Romanian and Hungarian literatures. They provide an overview and analysis of a wide range of literary and critical periodicals in the region, and in some cases — a detailed review of individual,
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Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Part I Host States, Mining Companies, and Mining Projects, 4 Typology of Mining Projects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the classification of mining projects. Mining projects can be classified based on their state of advancement, for example, exploration phase development phase, production phase, or reclamation phase. Only 0.1 percent of all targets will result in a pre-feasibility study, few of which will ultimately result in a feasibility study and the construction and commercial exploitation of a mine. Another classification for mining projects relies on the types of metals or minerals encountered or produced at a mining project. The remainder of the chapter identifies the main types o
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Horne, Cynthia M. Trust and Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 provides a literature review upon which to build the theoretical scaffolding of this book and explicates the development of the lustration typology. The chapter reviews the trust literature, highlighting differences in the origins and effects of trust in public institutions, trust in government, interpersonal trust, and trust in social institutions. Chapter 1 also reviews the literature on lustration and transitional justice, highlighting the design and use of measures in the post-communist region. From this literature, Chapter 1 develops a transitional justice typology consisting of
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Scholte, Jan Aart, and Jonas Tallberg. Theorizing the Institutional Sources of Global Governance Legitimacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826873.003.0004.

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This chapter queries the widely prevalent distinction between input- and output-related sources of legitimacy in global governance. Instead, it suggests a typology of sources which builds on a related but analytically sharper distinction of procedure and performance. Moreover, the chapter emphasizes that legitimacy perceptions derive from democratic, technocratic, and fairness qualities of procedure and performance. The chapter thus arrives at a novel typology whereby the sources of legitimacy for global governance institutions can be classified in terms of democratic procedure, technocratic p
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Wickham, James. International Skill Flows and Migration. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.27.

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Migrants are increasingly skilled. Historically British emigration was disproportionately skilled and new comparative OECD data shows the continuing brain drain from Europe to the USA. However skilled migration is best understood as skilled mobility not migration: permanent settlement in a destination country is a limiting case within a multiplicity of movements exemplified by the international commuting of the financial services elite. Immigration policies increasingly attempt to attract the best and the brightest. Rising mobility is driven by firms’ recruitment policies, but also by individu
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Book chapters on the topic "Typology of countries"

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Mira, Rachid. "Toward a new political economy's typology in MENA countries." In Political Economy in the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003267324-9.

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Colombo, Francesca. "Typology of Public Coverage for Long-Term Care in OECD Countries." In Financing Long-Term Care in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230349193_2.

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Van den Berghe, Wouter. "Towards a Typology of Arguments for Supporting or Opposing Transport Policy Measures." In Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85578-8_83.

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Abstract The level of public support for a potential policy measure is an important consideration for policymakers for whether they will implement such a measure or not – or whether they should try to influence public opinion. It is important to understand what kind of arguments are being used by people when supporting or opposing particular policy measures. Recent research has demonstrated that it is possible to develop a typology of arguments in favour or against policy measures. The typology consists of four groups of arguments in favour and four “mirror” groups of arguments against policy
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Sobczak, Elżbieta, and Beata Bal-Domańska. "Smart Growth Path as the Basis for the European Union Countries Typology." In Data Science, Learning by Latent Structures, and Knowledge Discovery. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44983-7_45.

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Tan, Nikolas Feith. "Inventory and Typology of EU Arrangements with Third Countries: Instruments and Actors." In International Perspectives on Migration. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74866-0_3.

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AbstractThis Chapter maps and analyses EU arrangements with selected third countries, with a focus on the role of instruments and actors in the implementation of such arrangements. The Chapter hones in on EU cooperation with Türkiye, Serbia, Niger and Tunisia, with particular attention afforded to arrangements since the European migrant and refugee ‘crisis’ of 2015. In mapping such arrangements, which encompass international relationships between the EU and third countries, the Chapter provides a country-by-country overview and inventory of relevant political, legal and financial instruments.
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Doignon, Yoann, Isabelle Blöss-Widmer, Elena Ambrosetti, and Sébastien Oliveau. "The Various of Demographic Transitions." In Population Dynamics in the Mediterranean. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37759-4_4.

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AbstractSince the eighteenth century, and at different periods, the world’s populations have been undergoing, or have undergone, a process of demographic transition. The Mediterranean countries present a great diversity of demographic transitions in terms of timing, pace, intensity, etc. The aim of this chapter is to take stock of demographic transitions in the Mediterranean by identifying the different types of demographic transition that have occurred since 1950. This typology makes it possible to place the national demographic transitions within a general model, while also highlighting the
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Biada, Alice. "The challenges of transnational management of cultural and natural sites in Africa: The case of Cameroon." In Managing Transnational UNESCO World Heritage sites in Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80910-2_6.

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AbstractThe concept of ‘transnational management of cultural and natural sites’ can refer to the effective implementation of good practices and mechanisms at sites of cultural and/or natural significance, with a view to their sustainable management. Typically, these sites are located in contiguous areas of States that share the same borders and establish mutually agreed mechanisms for their management. The sustainable management of transboundary cultural, natural and mixed heritage sites in sub-Saharan African countries continues to pose enormous challenges, yet it could contribute to promotin
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Hakovirta, Mia, and Christine Skinner. "Shared Physical Custody and Child Maintenance Arrangements: A Comparative Analysis of 13 Countries Using a Model Family Approach." In European Studies of Population. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68479-2_14.

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AbstractThis book chapter provides new insights to the question of how child maintenance policies have responded to changing post separation family arrangements and most specifically shared physical custody (SPC). We analyse how SPC is implemented and how it operates in child maintenance policies in 13 countries: Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the U.S. The comparative analysis is based on vignette questionnaire collected in 2017. There are differences in how countries have acknowledged and recognized shared physica
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Usher, Alex, and Jonathan Williams. "Losing Ground: Romanian Higher Education Since 2006 in Comparative Perspective." In Higher Education in Romania: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Opportunities. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94496-4_11.

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AbstractThis article uses a new global data set on higher education enrolments and finance covering 56 countries and well over 90% of the global higher education sector by enrolment, in order to examine the Romanian experience in higher education since 2006 in both a regional and a global comparative perspective. These comparisons highlight a few key facts about Romanian higher education, in particular: how different the institutional typology is compared to others in the region, how unprecedented the collapse in enrolments in the years after 2009, and how few resources, either public or priva
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Amelung, Nina, Rafaela Granja, and Helena Machado. "Conclusion." In Modes of Bio-Bordering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8183-0_9.

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Abstract The concluding chapter reviews and compares the modes of biobordering at the EU level and in Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the UK with a particular focus on the transnational exchange of DNA data within the Prüm system. This analysis reveals the multiplicity of heterogeneous biobordering regimes that enact different visions of Europe and nationhood and that have implications for de facto hidden integration and disintegration processes in the EU. ‘European integration’ is believed to be achievable by the harmonization of scientific and technical procedures in different
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Conference papers on the topic "Typology of countries"

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Cabanzo, Carlos, Paulo B. Lourenço, José C. Matos, and Mitsuyoshi Akiyama. "Seismic fragility curves of multi-span masonry arch bridges in Portugal." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.0214.

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<p>Many masonry arch bridges (MABs) operate in several railway networks in several European countries, where MABs are the most common bridge typology. In Portugal, MABs represent around 30% of the total stock in the railway network. Their performance assessment is of utmost relevance to the management authorities. However, there is limited research regarding their seismic performance. Moreover, research has shown that the elevated computational cost associated with stochastic analyses is one of the main challenges for implementing stochastic-based assessments to larger sets of bridges. I
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Avsheniuk, Nataliia. "Accreditation in higher education systems of foreign countries: typology and functionality." In Comparative and International Education – 2021: Education Innovations in the context of European Integration and Globalisation. Krok, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32405/978-966-97763-9-6-2021-124-127.

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Liu, Yading. "LITERATURE TRANSPLANTATION OF TYPOLOGY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF YUAN MEI’S AND G. R. DERZHAVIN’S NATURE POEMS." In 10th International Conference "Issues of Far Eastern Literatures (IFEL 2022)". St. Petersburg State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288063770.29.

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The application of typology to linguistic research has obtained abundance production in China, Britain and the United States, but there are no examples of its application in Chinese and English literature studies, except for some cases of comparative literature studies in the Soviet Union. This paper compares the nature poems of Chinese poet Yuan Mei and Russian poet Derzhavin in the 18th century from three levels: concept, imagery and texture. From the conceptual level, Yuan Mei (the subjectivity) keeps close contact with nature (the objectivity) without the help of God as an intermediary, wh
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Higueras, E., and O. Omar. "Smart nanotechnology to deliver zero carbon eco-neighborhoods: case study – neighborhoods of the functional city, “H” building typology in Mediterranean countries." In ECO-ARCHITECTURE 2016. WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/arc160171.

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Camporeale, Sergio Mario, Bernardo Fortunato, Antonio Marco Pantaleo, and Domenico Sciacovelli. "Biomass Utilization in Dual Combustion Gas Turbines for Distributed Power Generation in Mediterranean Countries." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45727.

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In Mediterranean regions, such as Puglia in Italy, the supply chain constraints (i.e. local biomass availability, logistics of supply, storage and seasonality issues) limit the optimal size of a biomass fired power plant in a range of 5–15 MWe. In this scenario, innovative Dual Combustion Externally Fired Gas Turbine (DCGT) Power Plants cofired by natural gas and biomass are examined. For this purpose, biomass external firing is explored under two alternatives: direct combustion of solid biomass and atmospheric fixed bed biomass gasification with air. The proposed cycles are analyzed consideri
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PLESCAN, Costel, Igor COJOCARU, Vlad BATRANU-PINTEA, Atena SOSOI, and Alexandra GIRBEA. "THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO COUNTRIES THAT SHARE SIMILARITIES. LIFE STORY, ROMANIAN, AND THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA STUDENTS." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/s09.42.

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This article wants to examine the typology of a young adult, the student, from past to present and future. We examined the lives of individuals that have in the present the same goal, or we might say having the same priorities, those of being a student and their life beyond that. We wanted to examine what in the past caused what they do in the present or what they want to do in the future. We also wanted to examine the differences between these two nations, even though we have a lot of similarities, and we are much alike, others might say. Through various techniques and especially using a comm
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Cech, Vladimir, and Robert Istok. "ENVIRONMENTALLY CONDITIONED CONFLICTS AND THE EMERGENCE OF DYSFUNCTIONAL STATES." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/5.1/s23.77.

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The issue of environmentally conditioned conflicts is extremely topical in the current geopolitical situation. The current, in many cases, uneven and unregulated economic and population growth, together with the ever-increasing global consumption, causes many countries to face a growing shortage of vital renewable resources, such as drinking water, arable land, pastures, forests, fish resources, etc. Depletion and excessive use of natural resources, combined with environmental degradation and climate change, is one of the factors threatening the safety of mankind. In particular, governments in
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HEDDEBAUT, Odile, and Floridea DI CIOMMO. "TRANSPORT INTERMODAL INTERCHANGES: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS AT LILLE EUROPEAN METROPOLIS." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3856.

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Within the framework of the “City-HUB” FP7 European research project 27 interchanges were studied in nine European countries. It investigated how transport interchanges work from the point of view of governance and the organization of facilities. On this basis a typology of interchanges has been defined for classifying the interchanges and selecting the key elements for improving the interchanges location, construction, and organization of an interchange. The paper focus on the implementation of the City-HUB interchange typology to the case study of Lille European Metropolis (MEL) where two co
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Gal, Iddo, and Vincent Geiger. "An analysis of media items about the Coronavirus pandemic: New insights for statistical literacy." In IASE 2021 Satellite Conference: Statistics Education in the Era of Data Science. International Association for Statistical Education, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/iase.htbhr.

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Despite repeated calls for development of statistical literacy among citizens, in fact there is a dearth of recent systematic empirical research on the actual mathematical and statistical demands of mainstream media. Hence, this study aimed to develop a typology of the content of mathematical and statistical products and demands in the COVID-19 pandemic media, given the criticality of such information to citizens and societies alike. We conducted content-analysis of a purposive sample of over 300 media items from digital news sources based in four countries with different profiles. The analysi
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Lubasz, Dominik, and Zanda Davida. "Consumer Personal Data as a Payment – Implementation of Digital Content Directive in Poland and Latvia." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.37.

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The new Digital Content Directive is seen as an important step in adapting European private law to the requirements of the digital economy. However, the Directive gives the Member States a wide margin of discretion in determining many important legal aspects, for example, the Directive leaves contract typology to the competence of Member States. This has led to considerably varied legislative choices of Member States. Business models where consumers' data are used as payment are available in different forms in a considerable part of the market, but to this moment it does not have a specific re
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Reports on the topic "Typology of countries"

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Stjernberg, Mats, Anna Vasilevskaya, and Oskar Penje. Towards a grid-based Nordic territorial typology - A new tool for analysis across the urban-rural continuum. Nordregio, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2024:91403-2503.

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This report presents the grid-based Nordic urban–rural typology, which was developed as a new analytical tool for studying different types of spatial phenomena across Nordic territories. In this study this meant developing a typology that classifies all Nordic territories into seven different typology classes based on different degrees of urbanity and rurality. A key starting point for this work was the need for a territorial typology that would help enrich and provide new understanding of different types of urban and rural areas across the Nordic countries and shed light on how they are devel
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Arnolfo, Stefano, and Nicole Hiekel. Pathways of family change. A typology of multipartnered fertility life courses in five Northern European countries. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2024-005.

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Pielen, Britta, and R. Andreas Kraemer. Economic Instruments in Water Management: Global Experience and Relevance for Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006745.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Environment Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the 2nd Hemispheric Meeting celebrated on February 25th and 26th, 2003. This presentation discusses functions and typology of economic instruments in water management. This presentation also discusses the new European Water Framework Directive, as well as European Union (EU) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) experience, as it pertains to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Leipprand, Anna, Britta Pielen, and R. Andreas Kraemer. Global Review of Economic Instruments for Water Management in Latin America and the Caribbean: Executive Summary. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007901.

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This paper discusses the importance and applicability of economic instruments in the context of water management. The paper presents a typology and associated examples of implementation from European Union (EU) countries and Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. This report intends to assist in the identification of economic instruments appropriate for application in the Latin American water management context, therefore in the last section, comparisons between the presented examples and Latin American countries are assessed. This report has been initiated to
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Corlin Christensen, Rasmus, Martin Hearson, and Tovony Randriamanalina. At the Table, Off the Menu? Assessing the Participation of Lower-Income Countries in Global Tax Negotiations. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.004.

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Since 2013, the formal structure of global corporate tax policymaking at the OECD has changed. Decisions are no longer made by 37 OECD members, but by 137 countries from all regions and levels of development through the ‘Inclusive Framework’ (IF). Official documentation emphasises that all countries participate on an ‘equal footing’, but some participants and observers have emphasised that developing countries in particular face practical obstacles that lead to unequal participation in practice. In this paper, we assess these claims, drawing primarily on 48 interviews with negotiators, policym
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Newman, Lorenzo, Alice Pelosi, Giovanni Zino, Silvia Crespi, and Rebecca Gordon. Education Systems for Girls’ Education in the Indo-Pacific Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.114.

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Despite substantial progress over the last two decades, girls in many parts of the world experience worse educational outcomes than boys, particularly at the secondary and tertiary levels. The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have exacerbated this learning gap in many regions, making research on the relationship between girls’ education outcomes and education systems increasingly urgent. This rapid review explores the determinants of girls’ education outcomes in a specific group of Indo-Pacific countries. It examines the education system determinants of these outcomes such as government investment
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González, Andrea, Juan Carlos Hallak, Tatiana Soria Genta, and Peter K. Schott. Insertion of Argentine Firms in Global Value Chains Not Oriented to the Mass Market: The Cases of High-End Footwear and The Basso Group. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012205.

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This paper describes experiences of international insertion of Argentine producers of manufactured goods not oriented to the mass market. Based on these experiences, we develop a typology of potential alternatives of international insertion for this type of goods centered on the role of local agentsin design activities. Our analysis follows the global value chain (GVC) approach and emphasizes the links between local producers and buyers in developed countries. First, we analyze experiences of international insertion of producers and marketers of high end footwear. These cases involve high qual
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Casey, J. Climate finance mobilization initiatives - promoting climate adaptation in agriculture. Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240191148.

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The Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA) programme aims to drive global investment towards climate-resilient agri-food systems that increase smallholder farmers' incomes. CASA's research component has recently identified the challenges faced in mobilizing climate finance for agriculture, and particularly for climate adaptation, as well as the existence of a funding gap for small and medium-sized agriculture enterprises (agri-SMEs) of around $106 billion (ISF Advisors, 2022). CASA is particularly interested in analysing the evolving landscape of initiatives that aim t
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Belafi, Carmen. Where There’s a Will There’s a Way: The Role of Political Will in Creating/Producing/Shaping Education Systems for Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/043.

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This Insight Note argues that political will is a decisive factor in explaining both the homogeneity in the expansion of schooling and the heterogeneity in the expansion of learning, and introduces three takeaways as necessary conditions for a meaningful and sustained prioritisation of learning: The highest authorities of a country have the political will to prioritise learning. The highest authorities of a country want to get every child learning (as they define learning goals as universal goals). The highest authorities of a country adopt a long-horizon view to reap the benefits of a learnin
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Plant, Roger, and Soren Hvalkof. Land Titling and Indigenous Peoples. Inter-American Development Bank, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008860.

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This paper has the following main objectives: to review the actual or potential impact of land titling and cadastre programs on indigenous populations; to recommend actions that would minimize risk and ensure that land projects are tailored to the aspirations and needs of indigenous peoples; to outline a typology of indigenous landholding systems and to identify any areas requiring further research. The research done by the consultants draws from country and site visits, a review of Bank projects as well as those of other international agencies, and meetings with government authorities, repres
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